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Fragmentation in the clouds? The population genetics of the native bee Partamona bilineata (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) in the cloud forests of Guatemala

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Abstract

Habitat fragmentation and loss are important drivers of genetic differentiation, often leading to a decrease in genetic diversity. Yet, natural populations of tropical bees often show a lack of differentiation, even in fragmented landscapes, suggesting resilience to deal with unfavourable land use. It is not clear what leads to this lack of differentiation, but large population sizes, high rates of dispersal and stable demography likely play important roles. Here, we investigate the population genetic structure and infer the present and historic demography of the eusocial stingless bee Partamona bilineata from tropical montane cloud forests in Guatemala. We used microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA to test for genetic differentiation, to infer migration rates, and to evaluate the effects of landscape. We also used demographic modelling to trace population sizes over time. We found that six populations of P. bilineata exhibited only subtle differentiation, with the exception of one site at the edge of the cloud forest, which was clearly distinct from all others. Effective population sizes (number of colonies) appeared to be rather small (18 ± 6 colonies) compared to the original sample size (N = 51 ± 9), but stable over time, and inferred rates of gene flow were low; yet, no genetic bottleneck was detected. A statistical model including elevation was the best in explaining the observed pattern of differentiation. We find that P. bilineata does not exhibit strong genetic structure, making it a resilient species for provision of pollination services. But, at the same time, our data point to the potential vulnerability of this and similar species, as effective population sizes appear to be low and hence populations may be easily affected by future environmental change. As such, P. bilineata may be representative of many other tropical stingless bees, for which lack of differentiation has been invoked.

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Acknowledgements

We thank CONCYT-Guatemala-(Grant: FODECYT 26-2012) and the Genetics Society (Heredity fieldwork grant) for financial support for field work. We also thank the Robin Moritz and the Molecular Ecology group at the MLU for assistance in the use of the MegaBACE. Our special thanks go to Dr. Ricardo Ayala for economic support for fieldwork and motivation. We further thank the personnel of Biotopo del Quetzal for essential help in the field. Thanks to Rodolfo Jaffé for suggestions and advice with regards to the IBR analysis and to Panagiotis Theodorou for statistical advice. We also thank the referees and editors for valuable comments that helped improve the manuscript. P.L.G was supported by a stipend from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany

    Patricia Landaverde-González, Robert J. Paxton & Martin Husemann

  2. Unidad para el conocimiento, uso y valoración de la biodiversidad. Centro de estudios conservacionistas CECON, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Avenida La Reforma, 0-63, zona 10, 01010, Guatemala, Guatemala

    Patricia Landaverde-González & Eunice Enríquez

  3. Laboratorio de Entomología Aplicada y Parasitología –LENAP-. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Edificio T-10. zona 12, 01012, Guatemala, Guatemala

    Patricia Landaverde-González & María A. Ariza

  4. National Biodiversity Data Centre, Waterford, Ireland

    Tomás Murray

  5. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle-Jena-Leipzig (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany

    Robert J. Paxton

  6. Entomology Department, Centrum für Naturkunde, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany

    Martin Husemann

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  1. Patricia Landaverde-González
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Landaverde-González, P., Enríquez, E., Ariza, M.A. et al. Fragmentation in the clouds? The population genetics of the native bee Partamona bilineata (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) in the cloud forests of Guatemala. Conserv Genet 18, 631–643 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-017-0950-x

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