Abstract
Genetic, demographic, and environmental processes affect natural populations synergistically, and understanding their interplay is crucial for the conservation of biodiversity. Stream fishes in metapopulations are particularly sensitive to habitat fragmentation because persistence depends on dispersal and colonization of new habitat but dispersal is constrained to stream networks. Great Plains streams are increasingly fragmented by water diversion and climate change, threatening connectivity of fish populations in this ecosystem. We used seven microsatellite loci to describe population and landscape genetic patterns across 614 individuals from 12 remaining populations of Arkansas darter (Etheostoma cragini) in Colorado, a candidate species for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. We found small effective population sizes, low levels of genetic diversity within populations, and high levels of genetic structure, especially among basins. Both at- and between-site landscape features were associated with genetic diversity and connectivity, respectively. Available stream habitat and amount of continuous wetted area were positively associated with genetic diversity within a site, while stream distance and intermittency were the best predictors of genetic divergence among sites. We found little genetic contribution from historic supplementation efforts, and we provide a set of management recommendations for this species that incorporate a conservation genetics perspective.
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Acknowledgments
We thank E. Bianchi, R. Clawges, M. Cowden, D. Follett, P. Foutz, M. Haworth, W. Massure, J. Ramsay, R. Scarpino, K. Smith, and Z. Underwood for assistance in the field; K. Pearson for data management; and J. Marrinan, T. Mix, and D. Westerman for assistance with tissue collection at NASRF. We thank the Funk-Hoke Lab, K. Bestgen, J. Lepak, M.A. Murphy, J.M. Robertson, J. Smith, and S. Sheth for providing helpful suggestions that improved this study. This research was funded by the Great Plains Landscape Conservation Cooperative and Colorado Parks and Wildlife. S.W.F. was supported by a NSF graduate research fellowship.
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Data Accessibility Sampling locations, environmental data, and microsatellite genotypes are formatted for entry in Dryad Digital Repository, but have not yet been submitted.
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Fitzpatrick, S.W., Crockett, H. & Funk, W.C. Water availability strongly impacts population genetic patterns of an imperiled Great Plains endemic fish. Conserv Genet 15, 771–788 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-014-0577-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-014-0577-0