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Genetic diversity and structure of an endemic and critically endangered stream river salamander (Caudata: Ambystoma leorae) in Mexico

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Abstract

Small or isolated populations are highly susceptible to stochastic events. They are prone and vulnerable to random demographic or environmental fluctuations that could lead to extinction due to the loss of alleles through genetic drift and increased inbreeding. We studied Ambystoma leorae an endemic and critically threatened species. We analyzed the genetic diversity and structure, effective population size, presence of bottlenecks and inbreeding coefficient of 96 individuals based on nine microsatellite loci. We found high levels of genetic diversity expressed as heterozygosity (Ho = 0.804, He = 0.613, He* = 0.626 and HNei = 0.622). The population presents few alleles (4–9 per locus) and genotypes (3–14 per locus) compared with other mole salamanders species. We identified three genetically differentiated subpopulations with a significant level of genetic structure (FST = 0.021, RST = 0.044 y Dest = 0.010, 95 % CI). We also detected a reduction signal in population size and evidence of a genetic bottleneck (M = 0.367). The effective population size is small (Ne = 45.2), but similar to another mole salamanders with restricted distributions or with recently fragmented habitat. The inbreeding coefficient levels detected are low (FIS = −0.619–0.102) as is gene flow. Despite, high levels of genetic diversity A. leorae is critically endangered because it is a small isolated population.

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Acknowledgments

We deeply thank to Dr. Carlos Aguilar Ortigoza for borrowed a thermalcycler. We thank Brenda Cole and Carl Mitchell for valuable comments and English editing. We thank all the students who helped in field. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their comments that helped improve the manuscript. AS is grateful to the graduate program Maestría en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales to Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México for the scholarship granted and also the scholarships received from CONACYT and COMECYT.

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  1. Estación Biológica Sierra Nanchititla, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto literario # 100, Colonia Centro, CP 50000, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico

    Armando Sunny, Octavio Monroy-Vilchis, Victor Fajardo & Ulises Aguilera-Reyes

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Sunny, A., Monroy-Vilchis, O., Fajardo, V. et al. Genetic diversity and structure of an endemic and critically endangered stream river salamander (Caudata: Ambystoma leorae) in Mexico. Conserv Genet 15, 49–59 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-013-0520-9

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