Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Genetic rescue of an inbred captive population of the critically endangered Puerto Rican crested toad (Peltophryne lemur) by mixing lineages

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Conservation Genetics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Puerto Rican crested toad (Peltophryne lemur) is currently composed of a single wild population on the south coast of Puerto Rico and two captive populations founded by animals from the northern and southern coasts. The main factors contributing to its decline are habitat loss, inundation of breeding ponds during storms, and impacts of invasive species. Recovery efforts have been extensive, involving captive breeding and reintroductions, habitat restoration, construction of breeding ponds, and public education. To guide future conservation efforts, genetic variation and differentiation were assessed for the two captive colonies and the remaining wild population using the mitochondrial control region and six novel microsatellite loci. Only two moderately divergent mitochondrial haplotypes were found, with one fixed in each of the southern and northern lineages. Moderate genetic variation exists for microsatellite loci in all three groups. The captive southern population has not diverged substantially from the wild population at microsatellite loci (F ST = 0.03), whereas there is little allelic overlap between the northern and southern lineages at five of six loci (F ST > 0.3). Despite this differentiation, they are no more divergent than many populations of other amphibian species. As the northern breeding colony may not remain viable due to its small size and inbred nature, it is recommended that a third breeding colony be established in which northern and southern individuals are combined. This will preserve any northern adaptive traits that may exist, and provide animals for release in the event that the pure northern lineage becomes extirpated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arens P, Bugter R, van’t Westende W et al (2006) Microsatellite variation and population structure of a recovering tree frog (Hyla arborea L.) metapopulation. Conserv Genet 7:825–835. doi:10.1007/s10592-005-9112-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Austin JD, Lougheed SC, Neidrauer L, Chek AA, Boag PT (2002) Cryptic lineages in a small frog: the post-glacial history of the spring peeper, Pseudacris crucifer (Anura: Hylidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 25:316–329. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00260-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Austin JD, Davila JA, Lougheed SC, Boag PT (2003) Genetic evidence for female-biased dispersal in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana (Ranidae). Mol Ecol 12:3165–3172. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01948.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Avise JC, Nelson WS (1989) Molecular genetic relationships of the extinct dusky seaside sparrow. Science 243:646–648. doi:10.1126/science.243.4891.646

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ball SJ, Adams M, Possingham HP, Keller MA (2000) The genetic contribution of single male immigrants to small, inbred populations: a laboratory study using Drosophila melanogaster. Heredity 84:677–684. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00721.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ballou JD, Lacy RC (1995) Identifying genetically important individuals for management of genetic diversity in pedigreed populations. In: Ballou JD, Gilpin M, Foose TJ (eds) Population management for survival and recovery: analytical methods and strategies in small population conservation. Columbia University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber D (2007) Cooperative Amphibian Programs in AZA: Puerto Rican Crested Toad SSP. Connect February: 13

  • Barribeau SM, Villinger J, Waldman B (2008) Major histocompatibility complex based resistance to a common bacterial pathogen of amphibians. PLoS ONE 3:1–9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beauclerc KB, Johnson B, White BN (2007) Characterization, multiplex conditions, and cross-species utility of tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for Blanchard’s cricket frog (Acris crepitans blanchardi). Mol Ecol Notes 7:1338–1341. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01874.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bloxam QMC, Tonge SJ (1995) Amphibians: suitable candidates for breeding-release programmes. Biodivers Conserv 4:634–644. doi:10.1007/BF00222519

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bos DH, Sites JW (2001) Phylogeography and conservation genetics of the Columbia spotted frog (Rana luteiventris; Amphibia, Ranidae). Mol Ecol 10:1499–1513. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01295.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brede EG, Beebee TJC (2004) Contrasting population structures in two sympatric anurans: implications for species conservation. Heredity 92:110–117. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800391

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brock MK, White BN (1992) Application of DNA fingerprinting to the recovery program of the endangered Puerto Rican parrot. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:11121–11125. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.23.11121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant EH, Backus VL, Clark ME, Reed DH (1999) Experimental tests of captive breeding for endangered species. Conserv Biol 13:1487–1496. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98440.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burbrink FT, Lawson R, Slowinski JB (2000) Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the polytypic North American rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta): a critique of the subspecies concept. Evolution 54:2107–2118

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burns EL, Eldridge MDB, Houlden BA (2004) Microsatellite variation and population structure in a declining Australian Hylid Litoria aurea. Mol Ecol 13:1745–1757. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02190.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Culver M, Johnson WE, Pecon-Slattery J, O’Brien SJ (2000) Genomic ancestry of the American puma (Puma concolor). J Hered 91:186–197. doi:10.1093/jhered/91.3.186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daugherty CH, Cree A, Hay JM, Thompson MB (1990) Neglected taxonomy and continuing extinctions of tuatara (Sphenodon). Nature 347:177–179. doi:10.1038/347177a0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dever JA (2007) Fine-scale genetic structure in the threatened foothill yellow-legged frog (Rana boylii). J Herpetol 41:168–179. doi:10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[168:FGSITT]2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drew RE, Hallett JG, Aubry KB et al (2003) Conservation genetics of the fisher (Martes pennanti) based on mitochondrial DNA sequencing. Mol Ecol 12:51–62. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01715.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duellman WE, Trueb L (1986) Biology of amphibians. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Eizirik E, Kim J, Menotti-Raymond M et al (2001) Phylogeography, population history and conservation genetics of jaguars (Panthera onca, Mammalia, Felidae). Mol Ecol 10:65–79. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01144.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J (2005) Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software structure: a simulation study. Mol Ecol 14:2611–2620. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S (2005) arlequin ver. 3.0: An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evol Bioinform 1:47–50

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ford MJ (2002) Selection in captivity during supportive breeding may reduce fitness in the wild. Conserv Biol 16:815–825. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00257.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frankham R, Ballou JD, Briscoe DA (2002) Introduction to Conservation Genetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Funk WC, Blouin MS, Corn PS et al (2005) Population structure of Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris) is strongly affected by the landscape. Mol Ecol 14:483–496. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02426.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Moreno J, Matocq MD, Roy MS, Geffen E, Wayne RK (1996) Relationships and genetic purity of the endangered Mexican wolf based on analysis of microsatellite loci. Conserv Biol 10:376–389. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020376.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godoy JA, Negro JJ, Hiraldo F, Donazar JA (2004) Phylogeography, genetic structure and diversity in the endangered bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus, L.) as revealed by mitochondrial DNA. Mol Ecol 13:371–390. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.02075.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goebel AM, Donnelly JM, Atz ME (1999) PCR primers and amplification methods for 12S ribosomal DNA, the control region, cytochrome oxidase I, and cytochrome b in bufonids and other frogs, and an overview of PCR primers which have amplified DNA in amphibians successfully. Mol Phylogenet Evol 11:163–199. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0538

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo SW, Thompson EA (1992) Performing the exact test of Hardy–Weinberg proportion for multiple alleles. Biometrics 48:361–372. doi:10.2307/2532296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hakansson J, Bratt C, Jensen P (2007) Behavioural differences between two captive populations of red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) with different genetic background, raised under identical conditions. Appl Anim Behav Sci 102:24–38. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.03.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall TA (1999) bioedit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95–98-NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 41:95–98

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedges B, Joglar R, Thomas R (2004) Bufo lemur. In: 2007 IUCN red list of threatened species (www.iucnredlist.org). Accessed June 11 2008

  • Hedrick PW (1995) Gene flow and genetic restoration: the Florida panther as a case study. Conserv Biol 9:996–1007. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9050996.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman EA, Schueler FW, Blouin MS (2004) Effective population sizes and temporal stability of genetic structure in Rana pipiens, the northern leopard frog. Evolution 58:2536–2545

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson M, Primmer CR, Sahlsten J, Merila J (2005) The influence of landscape structure on occurrence, abundance and genetic diversity of the common frog, Rana temporaria. Glob Change Biol 11:1664–1679. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.1005.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson RR (1990) Release and translocation strategies for the Puerto Rican crested toad, Peltophryne lemur. Endanger Species Update 8:54–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson B (1999) Recovery of the Puerto Rican Crested Toad. Endanger Species Bull 24:8–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalinowski ST (2005) hp-rare 1.0: a computer program for performing rarefaction on measures of allelic richness. Mol Ecol Notes 5:187–189. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00845.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kraaijeveld-Smit FJL, Beebee TJC, Griffiths RA, Moore RD, Schley L (2005) Low gene flow but high genetic diversity in the threatened Mallorcan midwife toad Alytes muletensis. Mol Ecol 14:3307–3315. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02614.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M (2004) mega3: Integrated software for Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis and sequence alignment. Brief Bioinform 5:150–163. doi:10.1093/bib/5.2.150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lacy R, Foster M (1987) Summary of electrophoretic analyses for Puerto Rican crested toad. Report, Chicago Zoological Society, 2 pp

  • Land D, Shindle D, Cunningham M, Lotz M, Ferree B (2004) Florida panther genetic restoration and management annual report 2003–2004. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Tallahassee

    Google Scholar 

  • Lentini A (2000) Puerto Rican Crested Toad (Peltophryne lemur) SSP Husbandry Manual. Keeper and Curator Edition. Toronto Zoo, Scarborough, Ontario. 48 pp

  • Lougheed SC, Gascon C, Jones DA, Bogart JP, Boag PT (1999) Ridges and rivers: a test of competing hypotheses of Amazonian diversification using a dart-poison frog (Epipedobates femoralis). Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 266:1829–1835. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0853

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madsen T, Shine R, Olsson M, Wittzell H (1999) Restoration of an inbred adder population. Nature 402:34–35. doi:10.1038/46941

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Solano I, Rey I, Garcia-Paris M (2005) The impact of historical and recent factors on genetic variability in a mountain frog: the case of Rana iberica (Anura: Ranidae). Anim Conserv 8:431–441. doi:10.1017/S136794300500243X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matos-Torres JJ (2006) Habitat characterization for the Puerto Rican crested toad (Peltophryne lemur) at Guanica State Forest, Puerto Rico. Unpublished M.Sc. dissertation, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez

  • Miller TJ (1985) Husbandry and breeding of the Puerto Rican toad (Peltophryne lemur) with comments on its natural history. Zoo Biol 4:281–286. doi:10.1002/zoo.1430040308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monroe WH (1976) The karst landforms of Puerto Rico. USGS Professional Paper 899. Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery ME, Ballou JD, Nurthen RK et al (1997) Minimizing kinship in captive breeding programs. Zoo Biol 16:377–389. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:5<377::AID-ZOO1>3.0.CO;2-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moritz C (1999) Conservation units and translocations: strategies for conserving evolutionary processes. Hereditas 130:217–228. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1999.00217.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moritz C, Dowling TE, Brown WM (1987) Evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA: relevance for population biology and systematics. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 18:269–292. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nei M (1972) Genetic distance between populations. Am Nat 106:283–292. doi:10.1086/282771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman RA, Squire T (2001) Microsatellite variation and fine-scale population structure in the wood frog (Rana sylvatica). Mol Ecol 10:1087–1100. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01255.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newman D, Tallmon DA (2001) Experimental evidence for beneficial fitness effects of gene flow in recently isolated populations. Conserv Biol 15:1054–1063. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.0150041054.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nielson M, Lohman K, Sullivan J (2001) Phylogeography of the tailed frog (Ascaphus truei): implications for the biogeography of the Pacific Northwest. Evolution 55:147–160

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nittinger F, Gamauf A, Pinsker W, Wink M, Haring E (2007) Phylogeography and population structure of the saker falcon (Falco cherrug) and the influence of hybridization: mitochondrial and microsatellite data. Mol Ecol 16:1497–1517. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03245.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paetkau D, Waits LP, Clarkson PL, Craighead L, Strobeck C (1997) An empirical evaluation of genetic distance statistics using microsatellite data from bear (Ursidae) populations. Genetics 147:1943–1957

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palo JU, O’Hara RB, Laugen AT et al (2003) Latitudinal divergence of common frog (Rana temporaria) life history traits by natural selection: evidence from a comparison of molecular and quantitative genetic data. Mol Ecol 12:1963–1978. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01865.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pico R (1974) The geography of Puerto Rico. Aldine Publishing Co., Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Pray LA, Goodnight CJ (1995) Genetic variation in inbreeding depression in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Evolution 49:176–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PRCT SSP (2006) The Puerto Rican crested toad species survival plan website. (www.crestedtoadssp.org). Accessed June 4 2008

  • Pregill G (1981) Late Pleistocene herpetofaunas from Puerto Rico. University of Kansas Miscellaneous Publication #71, Lawrence

    Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P (2000) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155:945–959

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond M, Rousset F (1995) genepop (Version 1.2): Population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. J Hered 86:248–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards CM (2000) Inbreeding depression and genetic rescue in a plant metapopulation. Am Nat 155:383–394. doi:10.1086/303324

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rivero JA, Mayorga H, Estremera E, Izquierdo I (1980) Sobre el Bufo lemur (Cope) (Amphibia, Bufonidae). Caribb J Sci 15:33–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe G, Beebee TJC, Burke T (1998) Phylogeography of the natterjack toad Bufo calamita in Britain: genetic differentiation of native and translocated populations. Mol Ecol 7:751–760. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00387.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe G, Harris DJ, Beebee TJC (2006) Lusitania revisited: a phylogeographic analysis of the natterjack toad Bufo calamita across its entire biogeographical range. Mol Phylogenet Evol 39:335–346. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.08.021

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruokonen M, Kvist L, Tegelstroem H, Lumme J (2000) Goose hybrids, captive breeding and restocking of the Fennoscandian populations of the lesser white-fronted goose (Anser erythropus). Conserv Genet 1:277–283. doi:10.1023/A:1011509922762

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seddon PJ, Armstrong DP, Maloney RF (2007) Developing the science of reintroduction biology. Conserv Biol 21:303–312. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00627.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer HB, Fellers GM, Voss SR, Oliver JC, Pauly GB (2004a) Species boundaries, phylogeography and conservation genetics of the red-legged frog (Rana aurora/draytonii) complex. Mol Ecol 13:2667–2677. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02285.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer HB, Pauly GB, Oliver JC, Trenham PC (2004b) The molecular phylogenetics of endangerment: cryptic variation and historical phylogeography of the California tiger salamander, Ambystoma californiense. Mol Ecol 13:3033–3049. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02317.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shuster SM, Miller MP, Lang BK et al (2005) The effects of controlled propagation on an endangered species: genetic differentiation and divergence in body size among native and captive populations of the Socorro Isopod (Crustacea: Flabellifera). Conserv Genet 6:355–368. doi:10.1007/s10592-005-5003-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith MA, Green DM (2004) Phylogeography of Bufo fowleri at its northern range limit. Mol Ecol 13:3723–3733. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02301.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soltis PS, Gitzendanner MA (1999) Molecular systematics and the conservation of rare species. Conserv Biol 13:417–483. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97286.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tallmon DA, Luikart G, Waples RS (2004) The alluring simplicity and complex reality of genetic rescue. Trends Ecol Evol 19:489–496. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2004.07.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG (1997) The clustal_x windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25:4876–4882. doi:10.1093/nar/25.24.4876

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • USFWS (US Fish and Wildlife Service) (1992) Recovery plan for the Puerto Rican crested toad (Peltophryne lemur). USA Department of Interior, Atlanta

    Google Scholar 

  • Vila C, Sundqvist A-K, Flagstad O et al (2003) Rescue of a severely bottlenecked wolf (Canis lupus) population by a single immigrant. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 270:91–97. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vredenburg VT, Bingham R, Knapp R et al (2007) Concordant molecular and phenotypic data delineate new taxonomy and conservation priorities for the endangered mountain yellow-legged frog. J Zool (Lond) 271:361–374. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00258.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waldman B, Rice JE, Honeycutt RL (1992) Kin recognition and incest avoidance in toads. Am Zool 32:18–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Weir BS, Cockerham CC (1984) Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution 38:1358–1370. doi:10.2307/2408641

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westemeier RL, Brawn JD, Simpson SA et al (1998) Tracking the long-term decline and recovery of an isolated population. Science 282:1695–1698. doi:10.1126/science.282.5394.1695

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright S (1951) The genetical structure of populations. Ann Eugen 15:323–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyner YM, Amato G, Desalle R (1999) Captive breeding, reintroduction, and the conservation genetics of black and white ruffed lemurs, Varecia variegata variegata. Mol Ecol 8:S107–S115. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.1999.00815.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zink RM, Barrowclough GF, Atwood JL, Blackwell-Rago RC (2000) Genetics, taxonomy, and conservation of the threatened California gnatcatcher. Conserv Biol 14:1394–1405. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99082.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Many thanks go to M. Canals of the Guánica State Forest and R. Dietz of the Audubon Nature Institute for providing tissue samples. A. Lentini coordinated samples from the Toronto Zoo and answered many questions during the work. Funding was provided by the Toronto Zoo, a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) operating grant to BNW, and NSERC PGS-A and PGS-B to KBB. T. Frasier and two anonymous referees provided valuable comments on earlier versions of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Natural Resources DNA Profiling and Forensic Centre, Trent University, DNA Building, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada

    Kaela B. Beauclerc & Bradley N. White

  2. Toronto Zoo, 361A Old Finch Ave., Scarborough, ON, M1B 5K7, Canada

    Bob Johnson

Authors
  1. Kaela B. Beauclerc
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bob Johnson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bradley N. White
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kaela B. Beauclerc.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Beauclerc, K.B., Johnson, B. & White, B.N. Genetic rescue of an inbred captive population of the critically endangered Puerto Rican crested toad (Peltophryne lemur) by mixing lineages. Conserv Genet 11, 21–32 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-008-9782-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-008-9782-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation