Abstract
Climate change is predicted to lead to warmer temperatures and more intense storms within the century in central and northern Australia. The ensuing impacts are anticipated to present immense challenges for remote communities, in terms of maintaining housing comfort, family health and wellbeing, engagement in education and employment, and community services and businesses. About 50 % of the Australian landmass is considered remote and it is home to a highly dispersed population of about half a million people (with 30 % being Indigenous people). Much of the population in remote Australia is considered highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change as they are highly exposed and sensitive to the impacts, with many having a low adaptive capacity. The lives of Aboriginal Australians living in remote communities are strongly influenced and governed by traditional customs, knowledge and practices. Even when living in large towns, people who are strongly connected to their country are able to blend knowledge from traditional and modern sources to adapt to the current climate. This article explores the extent of adaptive capacity of people to climate change in a small remote community and large service town in the Northern Territory of Australia and provides insights about their capacities and vulnerabilities. Results indicate that the social and cultural capital are of greater importance than commonly assessed and provide scope to enhance effective community-based climate adaptation.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The Indigenous population of Australia include both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
high (a high rate of global warming) emission scenarios during the summer season (December to February) generated through the Ozclim scenario generator http://www.csiro.au/ozclim/home.do
References
ABS (2011) Census quick stats 2011 ABS, Canberra. http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/ Accessed on 3 December 2013
ABS (2013) Remoteness Structure. ABS, Canberra http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/D3310114.nsf/home/remoteness+structure. Accessed on 5 January 2014
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2010) Population Characteristics, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2006 – Dwelling Structure. Cat. no. 4713.0. ABS, Canberra. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/93F26866F08FB795CA2578DB00283CD. Accessed on 3 December 2013
Addison J (2013) Impacts of climate change on health and wellbeing in remote Australian communities: A review of literature and scoping of adaptation options. Ninti One & CRC for Remote Economic Participation, Working paper CW 014. http://apo.org.au/resource/impact-climate-change-health-and-wellbeing-remote-australian-communities-review-literature. Accessed 3 June 2016
Adger WN, Arnell NW, Tompkins EL (2005) Successful adaptation to climate change across scales. Glob Environ Chang 15:77–86
Adger NW, Dessai S, Goulden M, Hulme M, Lorenzoni I, Nelson DR, Naesss LO, Wolf J, Wreford A (2009) Are there social limits to adaptation to climate change? Clim Chang 93:335–354
Adger WN, Barnett J, Brown K, Marshall N, O’Brien K (2013) Cultural dimensions of climate change impacts and adaptation. Nat Clim Chang 3:112–117
Altman JC (2005) The Indigenous hybrid economy: A realistic sustainable option for remote communities? Paper presented to the Australian Fabian Society, Melbourne, 26 October 2005 http://caepr.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/Publications/topical/Altman_hybrid.pdf. Accessed 3 June 2016
Altman JC, Hickson M (2010) Culture Crisis: Anthropology and politics in Aboriginal Australia, University of New South Wales. Press, New South Wales
Bardsley DK, Wiseman ND (2012) Climate change vulnerability and social development for remote indigenous communities of South Australia. Glob Environ Chang 22:713–723
Brooks N, Adger WN, Kelly PM (2005) The determinants of vulnerability and adaptive capacity at the national level and the implications for adaptation. Glob Environ Chang 15:151–163
Cameron E (2012) Securing indigenous politics: a critique of the vulnerability and adaptation approach to the human dimensions of climate change in the Canadian Arctic. Glob Environ Chang 22:103–114
CAT (Centre for Appropriate Technology) (2013) Housing Experience: Post Occupancy Evaluation of Alice Springs Town Camp Housing 2008–2011. Centre for Appropriate Technology, Alice Springs
CSIRO (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) and BoM (Bureau of Meteorology) (2014) State of the Climate 2014. http://www.csiro.au/Outcomes/Climate/Understanding/State-of-the-Climate-2014.aspx. Accessed 7 March 2014
Dahle K (2007) When do transformative initiatives really transform? A typology of different paths for transition to a sustainable society. Futures 39:487–504
David A, Braby J, Zeidler J, Kandjinga L, Ndokosho J (2013) Building adaptive capacity in rural Namibia: community information toolkits on climate change. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 5 (2), 215–229
Davies J, Whit J, Wright A, Maru Y, LaFlamme M (2008) Applying the sustainable livelihoods approach in Australian desert aboriginal development. Rangeland J 30:55–65
DFID (Department for International Development) (1999) Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets, Framework Introduction 2.1. http://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDQQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldis.org%2Fvfile%2Fupload%2F1%2Fdocument%2F0901%2Fsection2.pdf&ei=OeHJUojKCvG0iQf_moDoDA&usg=AFQjCNEsgwtwWSv_dCff6iVYQ0A0W4c_mw&bvm=bv.58187178,d.aGc. Accessed 6 Jan 2014
DSS (Department of Social Services) (2013) Community Development Employment Projects Scheme guidelines 2013–2017. http://www.dss.gov.au. Accessed 22 Dec 2013
Engle NL (2011) Adaptive capacity and its assessment. Glob Environ Chang 21:647–656
Fabricius C, Folke C, Cundill G, Schultz L (2007) Powerless spectators, coping actors, and adaptive co-managers: a synthesis of the role of communities in ecosystem management. Ecol Soc 12:29–44
Folke C (2006) Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Glob Environ Chang 16:253–267
Green D (2006) Climate change and health: impacts on remote indigenous communities in northern Australia. CSIRO marine and atmospheric Res Pap 012, CSIRO. Aspendale, Victoria. http://web.maths.unsw.edu.au/~donnag/docs/climateimpacts_health_report.pdf. Accessed 3 June 2016
Green D, Billy J, Tapim A (2010) Indigenous Australians’ knowledge of weather and climate. Clim Chang 100:337–354
Green D, Niall S, Morrison J (2012) Bridging the gap between theory and practice in climate change vulnerability assessments for remote indigenous communities in northern Australia. Local Environment: Intern J Justice Sustain 17:295–315
Horne R, Martel A, Arcari P, Foster D, McCormack A (2013) Living change: adaptive housing responses to climate change in the town camps of Alice Springs. National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Gold Coast, p. 60
IPCC (2014) Summary for Policymakers. In: CB F, Barros V, et al. (eds) Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability WGII AR5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1–44
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2012) Summary for Policymakers. In: Field CB, Barros V, et al. (eds) Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of WG I and II of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1–19
LaFlamme M (2010) Sustainable Desert Livelihoods: A cross-cultural framework, DKCRC Working Paper 69. Desert Knowledge CRC, Alice Springs
Lea T, Pholeros T (2010) This is not a pipe: the treacheries of indigenous housing. Public Culture 22:187–209
Lea Y, Wang J, Yue Y, Zhou H, Yin W (2014) Rethinking the relationships of vulnerability, resilience, and adaptation from a disaster risk perspective. Nat Hazards 70:609–627
Leonard S, Parsons M, Olawsky K, Kofod F (2013) The role of culture and traditional knowledge in climate change adaptation: insights from East Kimberley, Australia. Glob Environ Chang 23:623–632
Lin N (2002) Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Marshall NA, Stokes CJ (2014) Influencing adaptation processes on the Australian rangelands for social and ecological resilience. Ecol Soc 19(2):14
Maru YT, Chewings V, Sparrow A (2012) Climate change adaptation, energy futures and carbon economies in remote Australia: a review of the current literature, research and policy. CRC-REP Working Paper CW005. Ninti One Limited, Alice Springs. http://www.crc-rep.com.au/resource/CW005_ClimateChangeAdaptationLitReview.pdf. Accessed on 3 June 2016
Maru YT, Stafford Smith DM, Pinho PF, Dube OP (2014) A linked vulnerability and resilience framework for adaptation pathways in remote disadvantaged communities. Glob Environ Chang 28:337–350
McAllister RRJ, Cheers B, Darbas T, Davies J, Richards C, Robinson CJ, Ashley M, Fernando D, Maru YT (2008) Social networks in arid Australia: a review of concepts and evidence. Rangeland J 30:167–176
McAllister RRJ, Stafford-Smith DM, Stokes CJ, Walsh FJ (2009) Patterns of accessing variable resources across time and space: desert plants, animals and people. J Arid Environ 73:338–346
McKenzie M (2013) Prepayment meters and energy efficiency in Indigenous households, Centre for Appropriate Technology Bushlight report. www.icat.org.au. Accessed 3 Dec 2013
McMichael A (2006) Population health as the ‘bottom line’ of sustainability: a contemporary challenge for public health researchers. Eur J Pub Health 16:579–582
Memmott P, Reser J, Head B, Davidson J, Nash D, O’Rourke T, Gamage H, Suliman S, Lowry A, Marshall K (2013) Aboriginal responses to climate change in arid zone Australia: Regional understandings and capacity building for adaptation. National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Gold Coast, p. 287
Morton SR, Stafford Smith DM, Dickman CR, Dunkerley DL, Friedel MH, McAllister RRJ, Reid JRW, Roshier DA, Smith MA, Walsh FJ, Wardle GM, Watson IW, Westoby M (2011) A fresh framework for the ecology of arid Australia. J Arid Environ 75:313–329
Nelson R, Kokic P, Crimp S, Meinke H, Howden SM (2010a) The vulnerability of Australian rural communities to climate variability and change: Part I—Conceptualising and measuring vulnerability. Environ Sci Pol 13:8–17
Nelson R, Kokic P, Crimp S, Martin P, Meinke H, Howden SM, de Voil P, Nidumolu U (2010b) The vulnerability of Australian rural communities to climate variability and change: Part II –Integrating impacts with adaptive capacity. Environ Sci Pol 13:18–27
Nguyen O, Cairney S (2013) Literature review of the interplay between education, employment, health and wellbeing for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in remote areas: working towards an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander wellbeing framework. CRC-REP Working Paper CW013. Ninti One Limited. Alice Springs
O’Brien K (2012) Global environmental change II: from adaptation to deliberate transformation. Prog Hum Geogr 36:667–676
Olsen WK (2004) Triangulation in Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods Can Really Be Mixed. In: Holborn M, Haralambos M (eds) Developments in Sociology. Causeway Press, UK
Penalba LM, Elazegui DD, Pulhin JM, Cruz RVO (2012) Social and institutional dimensions of climate change adaptation. Intern J Clim Chang Strateg Manag 4:308–322
Petheram L, Zander L, Campbell B, High C, Stacey N (2010) Strange changes’: indigenous perspectives of climate change and adaptation in NE Arnhem land (Australia. Glob Environ Chang 20:681–692
Prober SM, O’Connor, MH Walsh, FJ (2011) Australian Aboriginal Peoples’ Seasonal Knowledge: a potential basis for shared understanding in environmental management. Ecol Soc 16(2):12
Renes M (2007) The Stolen Generations, a Narrative of Removal, Displacement and Recovery. In: Altman J. and Hinkson M (eds) Coercive Reconciliation: Stabilise, Normalise, Exit Aboriginal Australia. Arena Publications,Melbourne. (Reprinted 2009), pp: 30–49
Scoones I (1998) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Framework for Analysis. IDS Working Paper 72. Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, UK
SCRGSP (Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision) (2007) Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage: Key Indicators 2007. Productivity Commission, Canberra
Seemann K, Parnell M, McFallan S, Tucker S (2008) Housing for livelihoods: The lifecycle of housing and infrastructure through a whole-of-system approach in remote Aboriginal settlements, Desert Knowledge CRC Research Report 29. DKCRC, Alice Springs
Smit B, Wandel, J (2006) Adaptation, Adaptive Capacity, and Vulnerability. Global Environmental Change 16: 282–292
Stafford Smith M, Cribb J (2009) Dry Times: A Blueprint for a Red Land. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne
Tesfaye Y, Roos A, Campbell BM, Bohlin F (2011) Livelihood Strategies and the Role of Forest Income in Participatory-Managed Forests of Dodola Area in The Bale Highlands Southern Ethiopia. For Policy Econ J 13:258–265
Thornton T, Comberti C (2013) Synergies and trade-offs between adaptation, mitigation and development. Clim Chang 120:1–14
Tonkinson R (2007) Aboriginal ‘difference’ and ‘autonomy’ then and now: four decades of change in a Western Desert society. Anthropological Forum: J Soc Anthropol Comp Sociol 17:41–60
Turner MK (2005) Everything Comes from the Land. IAD Press, Alice Springs, Poster
Veland S, Howitt R, Dominey-Howes D, Thomalla F, Houston D (2013) Procedural vulnerability: understanding environmental change in a remote indigenous community. Glob Environ Chang 23(1):314–326
Vogel C, Moser SC, Kasperson RE, Dabelko GD (2007) Linking vulnerability, adaptation, and resilience science to practice: pathways, players and partnerships. Glob Environ Chang 17:349–364
Walsh FJ, Dobson PV, Douglas JC (2013) Anpernirrentye: a framework for enhanced application of indigenous ecological knowledge in natural resource management. Ecol Soc 18:1–20
Wildcat DR (2013) Introduction: climate and indigenous peoples of the USA. Clim Chang 120:509–515
Wilson GA (2014) Community resilience: path dependency, lock-in effects and transitional ruptures. J Environ Plan Manag 57:1–26
Zander K, Petheram L, Garnett ST (2013) Stay or leave? Potential climate change adaptation strategies among aboriginal people in coastal communities in northern Australia. Nat Hazards 67:591–609
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Jocelyn Davies, Rosemary Hill, Nadine Marshall and Siri Veland for their valuable comments on an earlier draft of this article. We appreciate the constructive comments provided by two reviewers and the Associate Deputy Editor on a revised draft of the article. We would also like to thank the residents of the Alice Springs and Lajamanu who participated in the interviews and focus group discussion. The research was conducted as part of the project – ‘Climate change adaptation and Energy futures in remote Australia’, supported by the Cooperative Research Centre for Remote Economic Participation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOC 49.5 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Race, D., Mathew, S., Campbell, M. et al. Understanding climate adaptation investments for communities living in desert Australia: experiences of indigenous communities. Climatic Change 139, 461–475 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1800-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1800-4