Abstract
Infrastructure for water, urban drainage and flood protection has a typical lifetime of 30–200 years and its continuing performance is very sensitive to climate change. Investment decisions for such systems are frequently based on state-of-the-art impact assessments using a specified climate change scenario in order to identify a singular optimal adaptive strategy. In a non-stationary world, however, it is risky and/or uneconomic to plan for just one climate change scenario as an average or best estimate, as is done with the use of the Predict-Then-Adapt method. We argue that responsible adaptation requires an alternative method that effectively allows for the lack of knowledge about future climate change by adopting a managed/adaptive strategy. The managed/adaptive strategy confers the ability, derived from built-in flexibility, to adjust to future uncertainties as they unfold. This will restrict the effect of erroneous decisions and help avoid maladaptation. Real In Options (RIO) analysis can facilitate the development of an optimal managed/adaptive strategy to climate change. Here, we show the economic benefits of adopting a managed/adaptive strategy and building in flexibility, using RIO analysis applied for the first time to urban drainage infrastructure.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
This has been selected as illustrative and in practice, other approaches to uncertainty may be adopted: for example, assigning a 100 % probability to the most pessimistic climate change scenario (the Wald criterion).
Abbreviations
- GBM:
-
Geometric brownian motion
- PDF:
-
Probability density function
- RIO:
-
Real in options
- RO:
-
Real options
References
Amram M, Kulatilaka N (1999) Real options: managing strategic investment in an uncertain world. Harvard Business School Press, Boston
Antikarov V, Copeland T (2001) Real options: a practitioner’s guide. New York
Black F, Scholes M (1973) The pricing of options and corporate liabilities. J Polit Econ 81:637
Brugnach M, Dewulf A, Pahl-Wostl C, Taillieu T (2008) Toward a relational concept of uncertainty: about knowing too little, knowing too differently, and accepting not to know. Ecol Soc 13:30
Buurman J, Zhang S, Babovic V (2009) Reducing risk through real options in systems design: the case of architecting a maritime domain protection system. Risk Anal 29:366–379
Chow VT, Maidment DR, Mays LW (2005) Applied hydrology. McGraw-Hill, New York
Cox J, Ross S, Rubinstein M (2002) Option pricing: a simplified approach. Int Libr Crit Writ Econ 143:461–495
de Neufville R (2003) Real options: dealing with uncertainty in systems planning and design. Integr Assess 4:26–34
de Neufville R (2004) Uncertainty management for engineering systems planning and design. Engineering Systems Symposium, MIT, Cambridge, MA
Deb K, Pratap A, Agarwal S, Meyarivan T, Fast A, Algorithm E (2002) NSGA-II. IEEE transactions on evolutionary computation 6
Defra HT (2009) Accounting for the effects of climate change. June 2009—Supplementary Green Book Guidance
Dessai S, Hulme M, Lempert R, Pielke R Jr (2008) Climate prediction: a limit to adaptation. Living with climate change: are there limits to adaptation, pp 49–57
Dixit AK, Pindyck RS (1994) Investment under uncertainty. Princeton University Press, Princeton
European Commission (2009) White Paper on Adapting to climate change: towards a European framework for action
Evans E, Ashley R, Hall J, Penning-Rowsell E, Saul A, Sayers P, Thorne C, Watkinson A (2004) Foresight flood and coastal defence project: scientific summary, vol 2. Managing future risks. Office of Science and Technology, London
Gersonius B, Morselt T, van Nieuwenhuijzen L, Ashley R, Zevenbergen C (2011) How the failure to account for flexibility in the economic analysis of flood risk and coastal management strategies can result in maladaptive decisions. J Waterw Port Coast Ocean Eng 1:96
Hawkins E, Sutton R (2009) The potential to narrow uncertainty in regional climate predictions. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 90:1095–1107
Ingham A, Ma J, Ulph A (2006) Theory and practice of economic analysis of adaptation. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia
Jones RN, Preston BL (2011) Adaptation and risk management. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change
Kabat P, van Vierssen W, Veraart J, Vellinga P, Aerts J (2005) Climate proofing the Netherlands. Nature 438:283–284
Leeds City Council, City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council, Yorkshire Water Services, Environment Agency, Pennine Water Group (2008) West Garforth Integrated Urban Drainage Pilot Study Final Report. Version 1.9 Final. 16 June
Lempert RJ, Popper SW, Bankes SC (2003) Shaping the next one hundred years: new methods for quantitative, long-term policy analysis. Rand Corp
Lempert R, Nakicenovic N, Sarewitz D, Schlesinger M (2004) Characterizing climate-change uncertainties for decision-makers. An editorial essay. Clim Chang 65:1–9
Milly PCD, Betancourt J, Falkenmark M, Hirsch RM, Kundzewicz ZW, Lettenmaier DP, Stouffer RJ (2008) Climate change: stationarity is dead: whither water management? Science 319:573
Murphy J, Sexton D, Jenkins G, Booth B, Brown C, Clark R, Collins M, Harris G, Kendon E, Betts R (2009) UK Climate Projections Science Report: climate change projections. Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter
Myers S (1984) Finance theory and financial strategy. Interfaces 14:126
New M, Lopez A, Dessai S, Wilby R (2007) Challenges in using probabilistic climate change information for impact assessments: an example from the water sector. Philos Trans A 365:2117
Rossman L (2004) Storm water management model (SWMM version 5.0) user’s manual. United State Environment Protection Agency
Shapiro S, Wilk M (1965) An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika 52:591
Thorne CR, Evans EP, Penning-Rowsell EC (2007) Future flooding and coastal erosion risks. Thomas Telford Services Ltd
Treasury HM (2003) The green book. Appraisal and evaluation in central government
Trigeorgis L (1996) Real options: managerial flexibility and strategy in resource allocation. the MIT Press
Wang T, de Neufville R (2004) Building real options into physical systems with stochastic mixed-integer programming. 8th Real Options Annual International Conference, Montreal, CA
Wang T, de Neufville R (2005) Real options “in” projects. 9th Real Options Annual International Conference, Paris, FR
Zhao T, Tseng C (2003) Valuing flexibility in infrastructure expansion. J Infrastruct Syst 9:89
Zhao T, Sundararajan S, Tseng C (2004) Highway development decision-making under uncertainty: a real options approach. J Infrastruct Syst 10:23
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
ESM 1
(DOC 155 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gersonius, B., Ashley, R., Pathirana, A. et al. Climate change uncertainty: building flexibility into water and flood risk infrastructure. Climatic Change 116, 411–423 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0494-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0494-5