Abstract
The sustained hourly gale record from Valentia Observatory, SW Ireland over the time period from 1874–2006 shows very significant variations including high values in the 1920s, 1940s, 1960s and 1980s but a decline since then down to the lowest recorded levels at present. Most gales occur in winter and in particular in December and January. An analysis of the wind duration and speed data shows that there has been increased variability in the duration of gales over the last 20 years and despite an overall decline in mean wind speed there is no indication that gale strengths have changed in any systematic way. This gale data is strongly in contrast to the outputs and predictions from the various scenarios in the ECHAM4 models which predict at worst no changes in cyclonicity of depressions below 1,000 hPa but significant increases in cyclonicity of severe depressions below 940 hPa. At present the actual data is running contrary to the model outcomes at Valentia and elsewhere in Ireland. The sustained gales have given rise to wave heights in excess of 30 m and this documentary evidence is verified by more recent satellite and marine buoy data.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alexander L, Tett S, Jónsson T (2005) Recent observed changes in severe storms over the United Kingdom and Iceland. Geophys Res Lett 32:L13704. doi:10.1029/2005GL022371
Anon (1881) The weather of November. Nature 25:131–132
Baker L (2009) Sting jets in severe northern European wind storms. Weather 64:143–148
Barring L, von Storch H (2004) Scandinavian storminess since 1800. Geophys Res Lett 31:L20202. doi:10.1029/2004GL020441
Corbel GG, Allen JT, Gibb SW, Woolf D (2010) Wind trends in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland and their relation to the North Atlantic oscillation. ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/119274.pdf
Dawson AG, Hickey KR, McKenna J, Foster IDL (1997) A 200-year record of gale frequency, Edinburgh, Scotland: possible links with high-magnitude volcanic eruptions. Holocene 7:337–342
Delaney F (2006) Simple courage: a true story of peril at sea. Random House, London
Geng Q, Sugi M (2003) Possible change of extratropical cyclone activity due to enhanced greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols-study with high resolution AGCM. J Climate 16:2262–2274
Hanna E, Cappelen J, Allan R, Jónsson T, Le Blancq F, Lillington T, Hickey K (2008) New insights into North European and North Atlantic surface pressure variability, storminess and related climatic change since 1830. J Climate 21:6739–6766
Hickey KR (2003) The storminess record from Armagh Observatory 1796–1999. Weather 58:28–35
Holliday NP, Yelland MJ, Pascal R, Swail VR, Taylor PK, Griffiths CR, Kent E (2006) Were extreme waves in the Rockall trough the largest ever recorded? Geophys Res Lett 33:L05613. doi:10.1029/2005GL025238
Hurrell J (2009) NAO station based (DJFM) index, climate analysis section national centre for atmospheric research (NCAR) www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/jhurrell.indices.
Irish Independent (1952) Numerous articles January 1, 3 and 7
Lamb HH (1991) Historic storms of the North Sea, British Isles and NW Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 204
Lambert SJ (1995) The effect of enhanced greenhouse warming on winter cyclone frequencies and strengths. J Climate 8:1447–1452
Lozano I, Devoy RJN, May W, Anderson U (2004) Storminess and vulnerability along the Atlantic coastlines of Europe: analysis of storm records and of a greenhouse gases induced climate scenario. Mar Geol 210:205–225
MacClenahan P, McKenna J, Cooper JAG, O’Kane B (2001) Identification of highest magnitude coastal storm events over Western Ireland on the basis of wind speed and duration thresholds. Int J Climatol 21:829–842
McGrath R, Nishimura E, Nolan P, Venkata RJ, Semmler T, Sweeney C, Wang S (2004) Community climate change consortium for Ireland, 2004 annual report. Met Éireann, Dublin
Sweeney J (2001) A three-century storm chronology for Dublin 1715–2000. Ir Geogr 33:1–14
Turton J, Fenna P (2008) Observations of extreme wave conditions in the North-East Atlantic during December 2007. Weather 63:352–355
Tyrrell JG, Hickey KR (1992) A flood chronology for Cork City and its climatological background. Irish Geogr 24:81–90
Wang DW, Mitchell DA, Teague WJ, Jarosz E, Hulbert MS (2005) Extreme waves under Hurricane Ivan. Science 309:896
Williams DM, Hall AM (2004) Cliff-top megaclast deposits of Ireland, a record of extreme waves in the North Atlantic—storms or tsunamis? Mar Geol 206:101–117
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hickey, K.R. The hourly gale record from Valentia Observatory, SW Ireland 1874–2008 and some observations on extreme wave heights in the NE Atlantic. Climatic Change 106, 483–506 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9949-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9949-8