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500-year temperature reconstruction in the Mediterranean Basin by means of documentary data and instrumental observations

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Abstract

The paper reports the main results of the EU project Millennium in the Mediterranean area over the last 500 years. It analyses a long series of temperature from Portugal, Spain, France, Italy and Greece. The series are obtained by combining indices from documentary sources from AD 1500 to the onset of regular instrumental observations. There is an ongoing discussion regarding the proper way of combining documentary and instrumental data and how to translate accurately the conventional indices from − 3 to + 3 into modern units, i.e. degree Celsius. This paper produces for the first time a number of early instrumental observations, in some cases (i.e. Italy and France) covering 350 years, including thereby the earliest regular observations after the invention of the thermometer. These Mediterranean data show that anomalous temperatures usually had only a locally limited effect, while only few extreme events had a widespread impact over the whole region, such as the summer of 2003. During the period from 1850 to the present day, the Mediterranean temperature anomaly was close to the Northern Hemisphere in spring and summer, while it was warmer in autumn and winter. Compared with the long-term instrumental records (i.e. 1655 onwards), the recent warming has not exceeded the natural past variability characterized by heating–cooling cycles with no significant long-term trends.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), Padua, Italy

    Dario Camuffo, C. Bertolin & A. della Valle

  2. Department of Modern History, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    M. Barriendos & R. Rodriguez

  3. Department of Earth Sciences II, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    F. Dominguez-Castro

  4. Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Padua, Italy

    C. Cocheo

  5. Kleiò, Padua, Italy

    S. Enzi & M. Sghedoni

  6. Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Sciences, UMR CEA-CNRS, Saclay, France

    E. Garnier

  7. Research Centre of Quantitative History, University of Caen, Caen, France

    E. Garnier

  8. Centre for Geographical Studies, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

    M.-J. Alcoforado

  9. Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR) and Institute of Geography, Climatology and Meteorology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    E. Xoplaki

  10. The Cyprus Institute; Energy, Environment and Water Research Center (EEWRC), Nicosia, Cyprus

    E. Xoplaki

  11. Department of Geography; Climatology, Climate Dynamics and Climate Change, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany

    J. Luterbacher

  12. GTOS/TEMS Network, Monte Pino Met Research Observatory, Benevento, Italy

    N. Diodato

  13. Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

    M. Maugeri

  14. History and Philosophy of Science Research Unit, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal

    M. F. Nunes

  15. ARPAV, Meteorological Centre, Teolo, Padua, Italy

    A. della Valle

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  1. Dario Camuffo
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  9. E. Garnier
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  10. M.-J. Alcoforado
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  16. R. Rodriguez
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Correspondence to Dario Camuffo.

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Camuffo, D., Bertolin, C., Barriendos, M. et al. 500-year temperature reconstruction in the Mediterranean Basin by means of documentary data and instrumental observations. Climatic Change 101, 169–199 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9815-8

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