Skip to main content
Log in

Eighteen-Month Follow-Up of Internet-Based Parent Management Training for Children with Conduct Problems and the Relation of Homework Compliance to Outcome

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Child Psychiatry & Human Development Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate if previously reported treatment gains of a parent management training (PMT) program, administered via Internet, were retained from post to the 18-month follow-up. Another aim was to evaluate homework compliance as a predictor of short and long-term outcomes. Participants were parents of 58 children (3–11 years) with conduct problems who received a 10-week self-directed PMT program, with limited therapist support. Parents of 32 children (55.2 %) responded at all measurement point (baseline, post-test and follow-up) and analyses showed that child conduct problems continued to decrease during the 18-month period after the intervention whereas parenting skills deteriorated somewhat from post treatment. Pre- to post-treatment change in child conduct problems was predicted by parental engagement in homework assignments intended to reduce negative child behaviors. The findings provide support for the use of Internet-based PMT and stress the importance of parental compliance to homework training.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Eyberg SM, Nelson MM, Boggs SR (2008) Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with disruptive behavior. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 37:215–237

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Dretzke J et al (2009) The clinical effectiveness of different parenting programmes for children with conduct problems: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 3:7

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Serketich W, Dumas J (1996) The effectiveness of behavioral parent training to modify antisocial behavior in children: a meta-analysis. Behav Ther 27:171–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Forgatch M (1994) Parenting through change: a programmed intervention curriculum for groups of single mothers. Oregon Social Learning Center, Eugene

    Google Scholar 

  5. Webster-Stratton C (2000) The incredible years training series. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Bulletin. Office of Justice Programs. US Department of Justice, Washington, DC, p 1–24

  6. Sanders MR (1999) Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2:71–90

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kling Å, Sundell K, Melin L, Forster M (2006) Komet för föräldrar: en randomiserad effektutvärdering av ett föräldraprogram för barns beteendeproblem [Comet for parents: a randomized evaluation of a parenting program for child behavior problems]. FoU-enheten, Stockholms Socialtjänstförvaltning

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kling A, Forster M, Sundell K, Melin L (2010) A randomized controlled effectiveness trial of parent management training with varying degrees of therapist support. Behav Ther 41:530–542

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Dishion TJ, Patterson GR (2006) The development and ecology of antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. In: Cicchetti D, Cohen DJ (eds) Developmental psychopathology. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  10. Reid JB, Patterson GR, Snyder J (2002) Antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: a developmental analysis and model for intervention. American Psychological Association, Washington

    Book  Google Scholar 

  11. Patterson GR (2002) Future extensions of the models. In: Reid JB, Patterson GR, Snyder J (eds) Antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: a developmental analysis and model for intervention. American Psychological Association, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  12. Patterson GR, Forgatch MS, DeGarmo DS (2010) Cascading effects following intervention. Dev Psychopathol 22:949–970

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kazdin AE (1987) Treatment of antisocial behavior in children—current status and future directions. Psychol Bull 102:187–203

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Webster-Stratton C (1998) Preventing conduct problems in Head Start children: strengthening parenting competencies. J Consult Clin Psychol 66:715–730

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kazdin AE (1997) Practitioner review: psychosocial treatments for conduct disorder in children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38:161–178

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kazdin AE (2000) Treatments for aggressive and antisocial children. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 9:841–858

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Sanders MR, Markie-Dadds C, Tully LA, Bor W (2000) The Triple P-positive parenting program: a comparison of enhanced, standard, and self-directed behavioral family intervention for parents of children with early onset conduct problems. J Consult Clin Psychol 68:624–640

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ogden T, Hagen KA (2008) Treatment effectiveness of parent management training in Norway: a randomized controlled trial of children with conduct problems. J Consult Clin Psychol 76:607–621

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Furlong M et al (2012) Behavioural and cognitive-behavioural group-based parenting programmes for early-onset conduct problems in children aged 3 to 12 years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD008225. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008225.pub2

  20. Lundahl B, Risser H, Lovejoy M (2006) A meta-analysis of parent training: moderators and follow-up effects. Clin Psychol Rev 26:86–104

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Montgomery P, Bjornstad G, Dennis J (2006) Media-based behavioural treatments for behavioural problems in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD002206. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002206

  22. O’Brien M, Daley D (2011) Self-help parenting interventions for childhood behaviour disorders: a review of the evidence. Child Care Health Dev 37:623–637

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Connell S, Sanders MR, MarkieDadds C (1997) Self-directed behavioral family intervention for parents of oppositional children in rural and remote areas. Behav Modif 21:379–408

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Markie-Dadds C, Sanders MR (2006) A controlled evaluation of an enhanced self-directed behavioural family intervention for parents of children with conduct problems in rural and remote areas. Behav Change 23:55–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Hahlweg K, Heinrichs N, Kuschel A, Feldmann M (2008) Therapist-assisted, self-administered bibliotherapy to enhance parental competence—short-and long-term effects. Behav Modif 32:659–681

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sanders MR, Bor W, Morawska A (2007) Maintenance of treatment gains: a comparison of enhanced, standard, and self-directed triple P-positive parenting program. J Abnorm Child Psychol 35:983–998

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Enebrink P, Högström J, Forster M, Ghaderi A (2012) Internet-based parent management training: a randomized controlled study. Behav Res Ther 50:240–249

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sanders MR, Baker S, Turner KMT (2012) A randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of Triple P Online with parents of children with early-onset conduct problems. Behav Res Ther 50:675–684

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Gardner F, Hutchings J, Bywater T, Whitaker C (2010) Who benefits and how does it work? Moderators and mediators of outcome in an effectiveness trial of a parenting intervention. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 39:13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Ryan SM, Boxmeyer CL, Lochman JE (2009) Influence of risk factors for child disruptive behavior on parent attendance at a preventive Intervention. Behav Disord 35:41–52

    Google Scholar 

  31. Hautmann C et al (2011) The severely impaired do profit most: differential effectiveness of a parent management training for children with externalizing behavior problems in a natural setting. J Child Fam Stud 20:424–435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Nix RL, Bierman KL, McMahon RJ (2009) How attendance and quality of participation affect treatment response to parent management training. J Consult Clin Psychol 77:429–438

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Garvey C, Julion W, Fogg L, Kratovil A, Gross D (2006) Measuring participation in a prevention trial with parents of young children. Res Nurs Health 29:212–222

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Clarke AT et al (2013) Parent attendance and homework adherence predict response to a family–school intervention for children with ADHD. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.794697

  35. Baydar N, Reid MJ, Webster-Stratton C (2003) The role of mental health factors and program engagement in the effectiveness of a preventive parenting program for head start mothers. Child Dev 74:1433–1453

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Högström J, Enebrink P, Ghaderi A (2013) The moderating role of child callous-unemotional traits in an internet-based parent management training program. J Fam Psychol 27:314–323

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kaufman J et al (1997) Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children—present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:980–988

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Eyberg S, Pincus D (1999) Eyberg child behavior inventory and sutter-eyberg student behavior inventory-revised: professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa

    Google Scholar 

  39. Axberg U, Hanse JJ, Broberg AG (2008) Parents’ description of conduct problems in their children—a test of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) in a Swedish sample aged 3–10. Scand J Psychol 49:497–505

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Morawska A, Sanders M (2011) Parental use of time out revisited: a useful or harmful parenting strategy? J Child Fam Stud 20:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Robinson EA, Eyberg SM, Ross AW (1980) The standardization of an inventory of child conduct problem behaviors. J Clin Child Psychol 9:22–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Goodman R (2001) Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40:1337–1345

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Muris P, Meesters C, van den Berg F (2003) The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)—further evidence for its reliability and validity in a community sample of Dutch children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 12:1–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Smedje H, Broman JE, Hetta J, von Knorring AL (1999) Psychometric properties of a Swedish version of the “Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire”. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 8:63–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Björnsdotter A, Enebrink P, Ghaderi A (2013) Psychometric properties of online administered parental strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ), and normative data based on combined online and paper-and-pencil administration. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 7:40

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Webster-Stratton C, Reid MJ, Hammond M (2001) Preventing conduct problems, promoting social competence: a parent and teacher training partnership in head start. J Clin Child Psychol 30:283–302

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Reid MJ, Webster-Stratton C, Hammond M (2007) Enhancing a classroom social competence and problem-solving curriculum by offering parent training to families of moderate- to high-risk elementary school children. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 36:605–620

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edn. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  49. Eisenstadt TH, Eyberg S, McNeil CB, Newcomb K, Funderburk B (1993) Parent-child interaction therapy with behavior problem children—relative effectiveness of 2 stages and overall treatment outcome. J Clin Child Psychol 22:42–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Hundt NE, Mignogna J, Underhill C, Cully JA (2013) The relationship between use of CBT skills and depression treatment outcome: a theoretical and methodological review of the literature. Behav Ther 44:12–26

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Mausbach BT, Moore R, Roesch S, Cardenas V, Patterson TL (2010) The relationship between homework compliance and therapy outcomes: an updated meta-analysis. Cognit Ther Res 34:429–438

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. LeBeau RT, Davies CD, Culver NC, Craske MG (2013) Homework compliance counts in cognitive–behavioral therapy. Cognit Behav Ther 42:171–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jens Högström.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Högström, J., Enebrink, P., Melin, B. et al. Eighteen-Month Follow-Up of Internet-Based Parent Management Training for Children with Conduct Problems and the Relation of Homework Compliance to Outcome. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 46, 577–588 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0498-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0498-7

Keywords

Navigation