Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Longitudinal Developmental Courses in Japanese Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Child Psychiatry & Human Development Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We followed up 67 children with autistic disorder (AD) and 31 children with pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDDNOS) for more than 10 years by reviewing medical records at a clinic for children with developmental disabilities. The participants’ data were collected between their first visit to the clinic and the visit at which they applied for basic disability benefits. The standardized IQ scores and autistic symptoms were examined as measures of the children’s personal functioning. For environmental factors, we examined the participants’ educational placements and work and residential status. Using structural equation modeling, we examined the longitudinal developmental courses of AD and PDDNOS. Participants diagnosed with AD consistently showed lower IQ and more severe autistic symptoms than those diagnosed with PDDNOS. Relationships between personal functioning and environmental factors differed between the two groups. AD and PDDNOS are heterogeneous, so they must be treated differently to improve children’s prognoses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kanner L, Eisenberg L (1957) Early infantile autism, 1943–1955. Psychiatr Res Rep Am Psychiatr Assoc 7:55–65

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Sigman M, Spence SJ, Wang AT (2006) Autism from developmental and neuropsychological perspectives. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2:327–355

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. McGovern CW, Sigman M (2005) Continuity and change from early childhood to adolescence in autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatr 46(4):401–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Sigman M, McGovern CW (2005) Improvement in cognitive and language skills from preschool to adolescence in autism. J Autism Dev Disord 35(1):15–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Gillberg C (1991) Outcome in autism and autistic-like conditions. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr 30(3):375–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Szatmari P, Bartolucci G, Bremner R, Bond S, Rich S (1989) A follow-up study of high-functioning autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord 19(2):213–225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Howlin P, Goode S, Hutton J, Rutter M (2004) Adult outcome for children with autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatr 45(2):212–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Shirataki S, Hanada M, Kuromaru S, Sugiura Y, Uchida S, Shimada S, Masuda I, Goto T, Yamada T (1984) Long-term follow-up study of 13 autistic children. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn 38(1):25–31

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Filipek PA, Accardo PJ, Baranek GT, Cook EH Jr, Dawson G, Gordon B, Gravel JS, Johnson CP, Kallen RJ, Levy SE, Minshew NJ, Ozonoff S, Prizant BM, Rapin I, Rogers SJ, Stone WL, Teplin S, Tuchman RF, Volkmar FR (1999) The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 29(6):439–484

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

  11. Beglinger LJ, Smith TH (2001) A review of subtyping in autism and proposed dimensional classification model. J Autism Dev Disord 31(4):411–422

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Buitelaar JK, Van der Gaag R, Klin A, Volkmar F (1999) Exploring the boundaries of pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified: analyses of data from the DSM-IV Autistic Disorder Field Trial. J Autism Dev Disord 29(1):33–43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Mahoney WJ, Szatmari P, MacLean JE, Bryson SE, Bartolucci G, Walter SD, Jones MB, Zwaigenbaum L (1998) Reliability and accuracy of differentiating pervasive developmental disorder subtypes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr 37(3):278–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Prior M, Eisenmajer R, Leekam S, Wing L, Gould J, Ong B, Dowe D (1998) Are there subgroups within the autistic spectrum? A cluster analysis of a group of children with autistic spectrum disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatr 39(6):893–902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Schopler E (1996) Are autism and Asperger syndrome (AS) different labels or different disabilities? J Autism Dev Disord 26(1):109–110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Volkmar FR, Klin A, Siegel B, Szatmari P, Lord C, Campbell M, Freeman BJ, Cicchetti DV, Rutter M, Kline W et al (1994) Field trial for autistic disorder in DSM-IV. Am J Psychiatr 151(9):1361–1367

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lecavalier L, Gadow KD, DeVincent CJ, Houts C, Edwards MC (2009) Deconstructing the PDD clinical phenotype: internal validity of the DSM-IV. J Child Psychol Psychiatr 50(10):1246–1254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Kanai C, Koyama T, Kato S, Miyamoto Y, Osada H, Kurita H (2004) Comparison of high-functioning atypical autism and childhood autism by Childhood Autism Rating Scale-Tokyo version. Psychiatr Clin Neurosci 58(2):217–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Mayes L, Volkmar F, Hooks M, Cicchetti D (1993) Differentiating pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified from autism and language disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 23(1):79–90

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Njardvik U, Matson JL, Cherry KE (1999) A comparison of social skills in adults with autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, and mental retardation. J Autism Dev Disord 29(4):287–295

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Solomon M, Goodlin-Jones BL, Anders TF (2004) A social adjustment enhancement intervention for high functioning autism, Asperger’s syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder NOS. J Autism Dev Disord 34(6):649–668

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Takeda T, Koyama T, Kurita H (2007) Comparison of developmental/intellectual changes between autistic disorder and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified in preschool years. Psychiatr Clin Neurosci 61(6):684–686

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Verte S, Geurts HM, Roeyers H, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA (2006) Executive functioning in children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder: can we differentiate within the spectrum? J Autism Dev Disord 36(3):351–372

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Sasaki M (1999) Before and after adoption of the TEACCH model, (updated 1999; cited 2009 Decemeber 8). Available from http://asn.gooside.com/kizuna/SASAKI1.HTM (in Japanese)

  25. Suda H, Ishii T, Ishimura A, Ujita T, Fujimori S, Furuno S (1996) Jisheishou-Ji, Sha no Chiiki Seikatsu Shien System ni Kansuru Kenkyu. Kokoro wo Hiraku. 26:2–60

  26. National Institute of Public Health (2008) Ethical guidelines for Epidemiological research (updated 2008; cited 2009 November 19). Available from http://www.niph.go.jp/wadai/ekigakurinri/H20_12_01_shishin-all.pdf (in Japanese)

  27. Tanaka Institute of Eduaction (1987) Zenteiban Taken Tanaka Binet chinou kensa [The Tanaka Binet Intelligence Test Full Revision]. Taken Shuppan, Tokyo

  28. Tsumori M, Inage N (1961) Nyuuyouji seishinhattatsu shindanhou: 0 sai kara 3 sai made [Developmental Diagnosis of Infants and Young Children: From the age of 0 to 3 years]. Dai Nihon Tosho, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  29. Kurita H, Osada H, Shimizu K, Tachimori H (2003) Validity of DQ as an estimate of IQ in children with autistic disorder. Psychiatr Clin Neurosci 57(2):231–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Kurita H, Miyake Y, Katsuno K (1989) Reliability and validity of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale–Tokyo version (CARS-TV). J Autism Dev Disord 19(3):389–396

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Schopler E, Reichler RJ, DeVellis RF, Daly K (1980) Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). J Autism Dev Disord 10(1):91–103

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Hooper D, Coughlan J, Mullen MR (2008) Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model Fit. Electron J Bus Res Methods 6(1):53–60

    Google Scholar 

  33. Kline RB (2005) Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (Methodology In The Social Sciences), 2nd edn. Guilford Press, New York

  34. Fan X, Thompson B, Wang L (1999) Effects of sample size, estimation methods, and model specification on structural equation modeling fit indexes. Struct Equ Modeling 6(1):56–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Hu LT, Bentler PM (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling 6(1):1–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Burnham KP, Anderson D (2003) Model Selection and Multimodel inference: a practical information -theoretic approach, 2nd edn. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  37. Byrne BM (1998) Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS and SIMPLIS: basic concepts, applications and programming. Psychology Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  38. Begovac I, Begovac B, Majic G, Vidovic V (2009) Longitudinal studies of IQ stability in children with childhood autism—literature survey. Psychiatr Danub 21(3):310–319

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Cohen DJ, Paul R, Volkmar FR (1986) Issues in the classification of pervasive and other developmental disorders: toward DSM-IV. J Am Acad Child Psychiatr 25(2):213–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Dahl EK, Cohen DJ, Provence S (1986) Clinical and multivariate approaches to the nosology of pervasive developmental disorders. J Am Acad Child Psychiatr 25(2):170–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Koyama T, Tachimori H, Sawamura K, Koyama A, Naganuma Y, Makino H, Takeshima T (2009) Mental health literacy of autism spectrum disorders in the Japanese general population. Soc Psychiatr Psychiatr Epidemiol 44(8):651–657

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, School of Human Sciences, Senshu University, 3-8, Kanda-Jimbo-Cho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 101-8425, Japan

    Hirokazu Osada

  2. Department of Mental Health Administration, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan

    Hisateru Tachimori

  3. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan

    Tomonori Koyama

  4. Zenkoku Ryoiku Sodan Center, Tokyo, Japan

    Hiroshi Kurita

Authors
  1. Hirokazu Osada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hisateru Tachimori
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tomonori Koyama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hiroshi Kurita
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hirokazu Osada.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Osada, H., Tachimori, H., Koyama, T. et al. Longitudinal Developmental Courses in Japanese Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 43, 895–908 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-012-0301-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-012-0301-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation