Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Using Multidimensional Grief Theory to Explore the Effects of Deployment, Reintegration, and Death on Military Youth and Families

  • Published:
Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To date, the US military has made major strides in acknowledging and therapeutically addressing trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in service members and their families. However, given the nature of warfare and high rates of losses sustained by both military members (e.g., deaths of fellow unit members) and military families (e.g., loss of a young parent who served in the military), as well as the ongoing threat of loss that military families face during deployment, we propose that a similar focus on grief is also needed to properly understand and address many of the challenges encountered by bereaved service members, spouses, and children. In this article, we describe a newly developed theory of grief (multidimensional grief theory) and apply it to the task of exploring major features of military-related experiences during the phases of deployment, reintegration, and the aftermath of combat death—especially as they impact children. We also describe implications for designing preventive interventions during each phase and conclude with recommended avenues for future research. Primary aims are to illustrate: (1) the indispensable role of theory in guiding efforts to describe, explain, predict, prevent, and treat maladaptive grief in military service members, children, and families; (2) the relevance of multidimensional grief theory for addressing both losses due to physical death as well as losses brought about by extended physical separations to which military children and families are exposed during and after deployment; and (3) a focus on military-related grief as a much-needed complement to an already-established focus on military-related PTSD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. We recognize that other family members, including siblings, parents, and grandparents of military service members, also face similar grief-related challenges. Given space constraints, we focus primarily on military spouses and children in this article.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2012). Proposed criteria for persistent complex bereavement-related disorder. Retrieved from http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevision/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=577.

  • Antonakis, J., Bendahan, S., Jacquart, P., & Lalive, R. (2010). On making causal claims: A review and recommendations. The Leadership Quarterly, 21, 1086–1120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, M. A., Compas, B. E., Layne, C. M., Pasalic, H., Katalinski, R., & Pynoos, R. S. (2011). Measurement of post-war coping and stress responses: A study of bosnian adolescents. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32, 323–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berz, J. B., Taft, C. T., Watkins, L., & Monson, C. M. (2008). Associations between PTSD symptoms and parenting satisfaction in a female veteran sample. Journal of Psychological Trauma, 7, 37–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Neria, Y., Mancini, A., Coifman, K. G., Litz, B., & Insel, B. (2007). Is there more to complicated grief than depression and posttraumatic stress disorder? A test of incremental validity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(2), 342–351.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boss, P. (1999). Ambiguous loss: Learning to live with unresolved grief. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boss, P. (2006). Loss, trauma, and resilience: Therapeutic work with ambiguous loss. New York: WW Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1999). Attachment and loss (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, C. D. B. (1976). Friendly fire. New York: Putnam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, E. M., Rueger, D. B., Foy, D. W., & Donahoe, C. P. (1985). Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: Analysis of marital and cohabitating adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 329–337.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castner, B. (2012). The long walk: A story of war and the life that follows. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandra, A., Burns, R., Tanielian, T., Jaycox, L., & Scott, M. (2008). Understanding the impact of deployment on children and families: Findings from a pilot study of operation purple camp participants. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandra, A., Lara-Cinisomo, S., Jaycox, L. H., Tanielian, T., Burns, R. M., Ruder, T., et al. (2010). Children on the homefront: The experience of children from military families. Pediatrics, 125, 17–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. C., Pynoos, R. S., & Goebel, A. E. (1994). Mechanisms and processes of adolescent bereavement. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J., & Mannarino, A. P. (2011). Trauma-focused CBT for traumatic grief in military children. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 41, 219–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Greenberg, T., Padlo, S., & Shipley, C. (2002). Childhood traumatic grief: Concepts and controversies. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 3, 307–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Staron, V. R. (2006). A pilot study of modified cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood traumatic grief (CBT-CTG). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(12), 1465–1473.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cozza, S. J. (2011). Meeting the wartime needs of military children and adolescents. In J. Ruzek, P. Schnurr, J. Vasterling, & M. Friedman (Eds.), Caring for veterans with deployment-related stress disorders (pp. 171–190). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cozza, S. J., Chun, R. S., & Polo, J. A. (2005). Military families and children during operation Iraqi freedom. Psychiatric Quarterly, 76, 371–378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dalack, G. W., Blow, A. J., Valenstein, M., Gorman, L., Spinner, J., & Marcus, S. (2010). Working together to meet the needs of army National Guard soldiers: An academic-military partnership. Psychiatric Services, 61(11), 1069–1071.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dowdney, L. (2000). Annotation: Childhood bereavement following parental death. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 819–830.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dyregov, A. (1990). Grief in children. London: Jessica Kingsley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edge, D., Buchanan, C., & Edge, D. (2010). The wounded platoon [Documentary]. United States: Mongoose Pictures Production for WGBH/Frontline.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eth, S., & Pynoos, R. S. (1985). Interaction of trauma and grief in childhood. In S. Eth & R. S. Pynoos (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress disorder in children (pp. 171–183). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furman, E. (1974). A child’s parent dies: Studies in childhood bereavement. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galovski, T., & Lyons, J. A. (2004). Psychological sequelae of combat violence: A review of the impact of PTSD on the veteran’s family and possible interventions. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9, 477–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gewirtz, A. H., Erbes, C. R., Polusny, M. A., Forgatch, M. S., & DeGarmo, D. S. (2011). Helping military families through the deployment process: Strategies to support parenting. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42, 56–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haynes, S. N., Smith, G. T., & Hunsley, J. D. (2011). Scientific foundations of clinical assessment. UK: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herberman-Mash, H. B., Fullerton, C. S., & Ursano, R. J. (2013). Complicated grief and bereavement in young adults following close friend and sibling loss. Depression and Anxiety. doi:10.1002/da.22068.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoagwood, K. E., Vogel, J. M., Levitt, J. M., D’Amico, P. J., Paisner, W. I., et al. (2007). Implementing an evidence-based trauma treatment in a state system after September 11: The CATS project. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 773–779.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., & Messer, S. C. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 350, 13–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplow, J. B., Gipson, P. Y., Horwitz, A. G., Burch, B. N., & King, C. A. (2013). Emotional suppression mediates the relation between adverse life events and adolescent suicide: Implications for prevention. Prevention Science. doi:10.1007/s11121-013-0367-9.

  • Kaplow, J., Layne, C., Howell, K., Lerner, E., Merlanti, M., & Pynoos, R. (2012). Psychometric properties and correlates of the multidimensional grief reactions scale. In C.M. Layne (Ed.), Integrating developmentally-informed theory, evidence-based assessment, and evidence-based treatment of childhood maladaptive grief. Symposium presented at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Meeting, Los Angeles, CA.

  • Kaplow, J. B., Layne, C. M., Howell, K., & Pynoos, R. S. (2011). Developmental considerations for DSM-5 bereavement-related disorders. In C.M. Layne (Ed.), Developmental perspectives on DSM-5 bereavement criteria: Three longitudinal studies of bereaved children and adolescents. Symposium presented at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Meeting, Baltimore, MD.

  • Kaplow, J. B., Layne, C. M., Pynoos, R. S., Cohen, J., & Lieberman, A. (2012b). DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for bereavement-related disorders in children and adolescents: Developmental considerations. Psychiatry, 75, 242–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplow, J. B., Saunders, J., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2010). Psychiatric symptoms in bereaved versus non-bereaved youth and young adults: A longitudinal, epidemiological study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 1145–1154.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koenen, K. C., Stellman, S., Sommer, J., & Steelman, J. (2008). Persisting posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and their relationship to functioning in Vietnam veterans: A 14-year follow-up. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 49–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamorie, J. H. (2011). Operation Iraqi freedom/operation enduring freedom: Exploring wartime death and bereavement. Social Work in Health Care, 50, 543–563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Layne, C. M., Beck, C. J., Rimmasch, H., Southwick, J. S., Moreno, M. A., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2009). Promoting “resilient” posttraumatic adjustment in childhood and beyond: “Unpacking” life events, adjustment trajectories, resources, and interventions. In D. Brom, R. Pat-Horenczyk, & J. Ford (Eds.), Treating traumatized children: Risk, resilience, and recovery (pp. 13–47). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Layne, C. M., & Kaplow, J. B. (2012). The Bereavement Risk and Resilience Index (BRRI). Unpublished psychological test. Los Angeles, CA: University of California, Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Layne, C. M., Kaplow, J. B., & Pynoos, R. S. (2011a). Multidimensional Grief Reactions Scale (MGRS) and test administration manual. Unpublished psychological test. Los Angeles, CA: University of California, Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Layne, C. M., Olsen, J. A., Baker, A., Legerski, J. P., Isakson, B., Pašalić, A., et al. (2010). Unpacking trauma exposure risk factors and differential pathways of influence: Predicting post-war mental distress in Bosnian adolescents. Child Development, 81, 1053–1076.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Layne, C. M., Olsen, J. A., Kaplow, J. B., Shapiro, D., & Pynoos, R. S. (2011b). Do the traumatic circumstances of the death matter? Predicting the longitudinal course of grief in adolescents. In C. M. Layne (Ed.), Developmental perspectives on DSM-5 bereavement criteria: Three longitudinal studies of bereaved children and adolescents. Symposium presented at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Meeting, Baltimore, MD.

  • Layne, C. M., Pynoos, R. S., & Cardenas, J. (2001). Wounded adolescence: School-based group psychotherapy for adolescents who sustained or witnessed violent injury. In M. Shafii & S. Shafii (Eds.), School violence: Contributing factors, management, and prevention (pp. 163–186). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Layne, C. M., Saltzman, W. R., Kaplow, J. B., & Pynoos, R. S. (2013). Trauma and grief component therapy for adolescents. Unpublished treatment manual. Los Angeles, CA: University of California, Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Layne, C. M., Saltzman, W. R., Poppleton, L., Burlingame, G. M., Pasali, A., & Durkavovi, E. (2008). Effectiveness of a school-based group psychotherapy program for war-exposed adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(9), 1048–1062.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Layne, C. M., Warren, J. S., Saltzman, W. R., Fulton, J. B., Steinberg, A. M., & Pynoos, R. S. (2006). Contextual influences on posttraumatic adjustment: Retraumatization and the roles of revictimization, posttraumatic adversities and distressing reminders. In L. A. Schein, H. I. Spitz, G. M. Burlingame, P. R. Muskin, & S. Vargo (Eds.), Psychological effects of catastrophic disasters: Group approaches to treatment (pp. 235–286). New York: Haworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lester, P., Mogil, C., Saltzman, W., et al. (2011). Families OverComing under stress: Implementing family-centered prevention for military families facing wartime deployments and combat operational stress. Military Medicine, 176, 19–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lester, P., Saltzman, W., Woodward, K., Glover, D., Leskin, G. A., Bursch, B., et al. (2012). Evaluation of a family-centered prevention intervention for military children and families facing wartime deployments. American Journal of Public Health, 102, S48–S54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, A. F., Compton, N. C., Van Horn, P., & Ghosh Ippen, C. (2003). Losing a parent to death in the early years: Guidelines for the treatment of traumatic bereavement in infancy and early childhood. Washington, DC: Zero to Three Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, K. K., Sandler, I. N., Ayers, T. S., Wolchik, S. A., & Luecken, L. J. (2004). Resilience in parentally bereaved children and adolescents seeking preventive services. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(4), 673–683.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, A., Swift, E., & Shorteno-Fraser, M. (2008). Psychological adjustment and treatment of children and families with parents deployed in military combat. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 984–992.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindemann, E. (1944). Symptomatology and management of acute grief. American Journal of Psychiatry, 101, 141–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClatchey, R. S., & Vonk, M. E. (2005). An exploratory study of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among bereaved children. Omega Journal of Death and Dying, 51(4), 285–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melhem, N. M., Porta, G., Shamseddeen, W., Walker Payne, M., & Brent, D. A. (2011). Grief in children and adolescents bereaved by sudden parental death. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 911–919.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monson, C. M., & Fredman, S. J. (2012). Cognitive-behavioral conjoint therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: Therapist’s manual. New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monson, C. M., Taft, C. T., & Fredman, S. J. (2009). Military-related PTSD and intimate relationships: From description to theory-driven research and intervention development. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 707–714.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nader, K. O., & Layne, C. M. (2009). Maladaptive grieving in children and adolescents: Discovering developmentally linked differences in the manifestation of grief. Stress Points, 23, 12–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash, W. P., Vasterling, J., Ewing-Cobbs, L., Horn, S., Gaskin, T., Golden, J., et al. (2010). Consensus recommendations for common data elements for operational stress research and surveillance: Report of a federal interagency working group. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91, 1673–1683.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nock, M. K., Deming, C. A., Fullerton, C. S., Gilman, S. E., Goldenberg, M., Kessler, R. C., et al. (2013). Suicide among soldiers: A review of psychosocial risk and protective factors. Psychiatry, 76(2), 97–125.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park, N. (2011). Military children and families. American Psychologist, 66, 65–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pincus, S. H., House, R., Christensen, J., & Adler, L. E. (2001). The emotional cycle of deployment: A military family perspective. Journal of the Army Medical Department, 4(5/6), 615–623.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pivar, I. L., & Field, N. P. (2004). Unresolved grief in combat veterans with PTSD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18(6), 745–755.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., & Goodkin, K. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-5 and ICD-11. Public Library of Science, 6, e1000121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pynoos, R. S. (1992). Grief and trauma in children and adolescents. Bereavement Care, 11, 2–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pynoos, R. S., Layne, C. M., & Kaplow, J. B. (2012). Building developmentally-informed theory to support evidence-based assessment and treatment for bereaved youth. In C. M. Layne (Ed.), Integrating developmentally-informed theory, evidence-based assessment, and evidence-based treatment of childhood maladaptive grief. Symposium presented at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Meeting, Los Angeles, CA.

  • Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., & Wraith, R. (1995). A developmental model of childhood traumatic stress. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol. 2. Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 72–95). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rando, T. A. (1993). Treatment of complicated mourning. Champaigne, IL: Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renshaw, K. D., Rodrigues, C. S., & Jones, D. H. (2008). Psychological symptoms and marital distress in spouses of operation Iraqi freedom veterans: Relationships with spouses’ perceptions of veterans’ experiences and symptoms. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 586–594.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rentz, E. D., Marshall, S. W., Loomis, D., Casteel, C., Martin, S. L., & Gibbs, D. A. (2007). Effect of deployment on the occurrence of child maltreatment in military and nonmilitary families. American Journal of Epidemiology, 165, 1199–1206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, Q. (1957). They fought for the sky: The dramatic story of the first war in the air. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruscio, A. M., Weathers, F. W., King, L. A., & King, D. W. (2002). Male war-zone veterans’ perceived relationships with their children: The importance of emotional numbing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 351–357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rynearson, E. K. (2001). Retelling violent death. New York, NY: Brunner/Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saldinger, A., Cain, A., & Porterfield, K. (2003). Managing traumatic stress in children anticipating parental death. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 66(2), 168–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salloum, A., & Overstreet, S. (2008). Evaluation of individual and group grief and trauma interventions for children post disaster. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37(3), 495–507.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saltzman, W. R., Layne, C. M., Steinberg, A. M., & Pynoos, R. S. (2006). Trauma/grief focused group psychotherapy with adolescents. In L. A. Schein & H. I. Spitz (Eds.), Psychological effects of catastrophic disasters: Group approaches to treatment (pp. 669–729). New York: Haworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saltzman, W. R., Lester, P., Beardslee, W. R., Layne, C. M., Woodward, K., & Nash, W. P. (2011). Mechanisms of risk and resilience in military families: Theoretical and empirical basis of a family-focused resilience enhancement program. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 213–230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saltzman, W. R., Pynoos, R. S., Layne, C. M., Steinberg, A., & Aisenberg, E. (2001). Trauma/grief-focused intervention for adolescents exposed to community violence: Results of a school-based screening and group treatment protocol. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 5, 291–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saltzman, W. R., Pynoos, R. S., Lester, P., Layne, C. M., & Beardslee, W. R. (2013). Enhancing family resilience through family narrative co-construction. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0142-2.

  • Sandler, I. N., Ayers, T. S., Wolchik, S. A., Tein, J., Kwok, O., & Haine, R. A. (2003). The family bereavement program: Efficacy evaluation of a theory-based prevention program for parentally bereaved children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(3), 587–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seal, K. H., Metzler, T. J., Gima, K. S., Bertenthal, D., Maguen, S., & Marmar, C. R. (2009). Trends and risk factors for mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans using Department of Veterans Affairs health care, 2002–2008. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 1651–1658.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, D. N., Howell, K. H., & Kaplow, J. B. (in press). Associations among mother-child communication quality, childhood maladaptive grief, and depressive symptoms. Death Studies.

  • Shatan, C. F. (1973). The grief of soldiers: Vietnam combat veterans’ self-help movement. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 43(4), 640–653.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shear, K., Monk, T., Houck, P., Melhem, N., Frank, E., Reynolds, C., et al. (2007). An attachment-based model of complicated grief including the role of avoidance. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 257(8), 453–461.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shear, M. K., Simon, N., Wall, M., Zisook, S., Neimeyer, R., & Duan, N. (2011). Complicated grief and related bereavement issues for DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 103–117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, S. C., Malatras, J. W., & Israel, A. C. (2010). The impact of deployment on U.S. military families. American Psychologist, 65, 599–609.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, Z., Dekel, R., & Mikulincer, M. (2008). Complex trauma of war captivity: A prospective study of attachment and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 7, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, Z., Waysman, M., Levy, G., Fried, B., Mikulincer, M., & Benbenishty, R. (1992). From front line to home front: A study of secondary traumatization. Family Process, 31, 289–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taft, C. T., Kaloupek, D. G., Schumm, J. A., Marshall, A. D., Panuzio, J., King, D. W., et al. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, physiological reactivity, alcohol problems and aggression among military veterans. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 498–507.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tillman, M. (2010). Boots on the ground by dusk: Searching for answers in the death of Pat Tillman. San Francisco, CA: Blurb.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Defense. (2008). The changing profile of the army 1985–2008. Alexandria, VA: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Defense, Public Affairs Office. (2007). Number of Members deployed by service component and month/year (based on the contingency tracking systems). Retrieved from www.defenselink.mil/.

  • U.S. Department of Defense, Public Affairs Office. (2012). U.S. Military Casualties—Casualty Summary by Casualty Category. Retrieved from https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/main.xhtml.

  • Wiens, T. W., & Boss, P. (2006). Maintaining family resiliency before, during, and after military separation. In C. A. Castro, A. B. Adler, & T. W. Britt (Eds.), Military life: The psychology of serving in peace and combat (Vol. 3, pp. 13–38). Westport, CT: Praeger Security International.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge Amanda Burnside for her assistance in conducting the literature searches for this article. This work was supported in part by the grants NIMH K08 MH76078; Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research U031178; the Todd Ouida Clinical Scholars Award; the Laurence Polatsch Memorial Fund; and the Rachel Upjohn Clinical Scholars Award given to the first author.

Disclaimer

Drs. Layne and Kaplow are co-authors of the Bereavement Risk and Resilience Index (BRRI), a tool for assessing risk and protective factors in the context of loss. Drs. Layne, Kaplow, and Pynoos are co-authors of (1) the Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder Checklist (PCBD Checklist), a tool for assessing DSM-5 proposed criteria for Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder; and (2) the Multidimensional Grief Reactions Scale (MGRS), a broad-spectrum measure of adaptive and maladaptive grief reactions. Drs. Layne, Saltzman, Kaplow, and Pynoos are co-authors of Trauma and Grief Component Therapy for Adolescents (TGCT-A), a modularized treatment manual.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Depression Center, University of Michigan, Rachel Upjohn Building, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5765, USA

    Julie B. Kaplow

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA/Duke University National Center for Child Traumatic Stress, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Christopher M. Layne & Robert S. Pynoos

  3. California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA

    William R. Saltzman

  4. UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    William R. Saltzman

  5. Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Stephen J. Cozza

Authors
  1. Julie B. Kaplow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Christopher M. Layne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. William R. Saltzman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Stephen J. Cozza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Robert S. Pynoos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Julie B. Kaplow.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kaplow, J.B., Layne, C.M., Saltzman, W.R. et al. Using Multidimensional Grief Theory to Explore the Effects of Deployment, Reintegration, and Death on Military Youth and Families. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 16, 322–340 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-013-0143-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-013-0143-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation