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The origin of prostate metastases: emerging insights

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Abstract

The outcome of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) is mainly dependent on the presence or absence of distant metastases. Although several advances have been made in understanding the biological basis of this tumor, the mechanisms underlying PCa metastatic spread are not fully clear. The lack of a clear origin for PCa metastasis may be partially due to the evidence of PCa heterogeneity between primary tumor and metastases and among different metastatic sites. Cross-metastatic seeding and the de novo monoclonal seeding of daughter metastases have been proposed as crucial events during metastasis. This process requires the contribution of tumor environment, which modulates cancer cell homing and growth, and involves several components including cancer stem cells (CSCs), tumor secreted microvesicles, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and immune cells. In this review, we have focused on the recent findings on the origin of prostate metastasis, showing the contribution of tumor microenvironment to this evolutionary process.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Medical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I, GM Lancisi, G Salesi, Ancona, Italy

      Matteo Santoni & Rossana Berardi

    2. Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy

      Francesco Piva

    3. Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy

      Marina Scarpelli & Rodolfo Montironi

    4. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

      Liang Cheng

    5. Department of Surgery, Cordoba University Medical School, Cordoba, Spain

      Antonio Lopez-Beltran

    6. Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37124, Verona, Italy

      Francesco Massari

    7. Medical Oncology Unit of Urogenital and Head & Neck Tumors, European Institute of Oncology|, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy

      Roberto Iacovelli

    8. Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy

      Daniele Santini

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    9. Daniele Santini
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    10. Rodolfo Montironi
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    Correspondence to Matteo Santoni.

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    Matteo Santoni and Francesco Piva contributed equally to this work.

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    Santoni, M., Piva, F., Scarpelli, M. et al. The origin of prostate metastases: emerging insights. Cancer Metastasis Rev 34, 765–773 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-015-9597-6

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