Skip to main content
Log in

Ethical Character and Virtue of Organizations: An Empirical Assessment and Strategic Implications

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

ABSTRACT

Virtue ethics has often been regarded as complementary or laissez-faire ethics in solving business problems. This paper seeks conceptual and methodological improvements by developing a virtue character scale that will enable assessment of the link between organizational level virtue and organizational performance, financial or non-financial. Based upon three theoretical assumptions, multiple studies were conducted; the content analysis of 158 Fortune Global 500 firms’ ethical values and a survey of 2548 customers and employees. Six dimensions of organizational virtue (Integrity, Empathy, Warmth, Courage, Conscientiousness and Zeal) are identified through confirmatory factor analysis, and validated against satisfaction measure. Strategic implications of virtue characters are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • B. Andrew (1998) ArticleTitle’Mercy within Legal Justice’ Social Theory and Practice 24 IssueID1 83–99

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Arijoon (2000) ArticleTitle’Virtue Theory as a Dynamic Theory of Business’ Journal of Business Ethics 28 159–178

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Baggozi Y. Yi L.W. Philips (1991) ArticleTitle’Assessing Construct Validity in Organizational Research’ Administrative Science Quarterly 36 421–458

    Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Barrick M.K. Mount (1991) ArticleTitle’The Big Five Personality Dimensions and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis’ Personnel Psychology 44 IssueID1 1–26

    Google Scholar 

  • L.T. Beauchamp N.E. Bowie (2001) Ethical Theory and Business, 6th Edition Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Beaver (1999) ArticleTitle’Competitive Advantage, Corporate Governance and Reputation Management: The Case of Marks & Spencer’ Journal of Communication 4 IssueID2 185–196

    Google Scholar 

  • T.E. Becker (1998) ArticleTitle’Integrity in Organizations: Beyond Honesty and Conscientiousness’ Academy of Management Review 23 IssueID1 154–161

    Google Scholar 

  • J.R. Boatright (2003) Ethics and the Conduct of Business, 4th Edition Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Bollen (1989) Structural Equations with Latent Variables Wiley New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • S.R. Briggs (1992) ArticleTitle’Assessing the Five-Factor Model of Personality Description’ Journal of Personality 60 IssueID2 253–293

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Burke (1999) ArticleTitle’Ethical Decision-Making: Global Concerns, Frameworks, and Approaches’ Public Personnel Management 28 IssueID4 529–540

    Google Scholar 

  • J.K. Butler R.S. Cantrell (1984) ArticleTitle’A Behavioral Decision Theory Approach to Modeling Dyadic Trust in Superiors and Subordinates’ Psychological Reports 55 19–28

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Chismar (2001) ArticleTitle’Vice and Virtue in Everyday (Business) Life’ Journal of Business Ethics 29 169–176

    Google Scholar 

  • P.T. Costa SuffixJr. R.R. McCrae (1992) Revised Neo Personality Inventory (Neo-Pi-R) and Neo Five-Factor Inventory (Neo-Ffi) Professional Manual Psychological Assessment Resources Odessa, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • M.H. Davis (1983) ArticleTitle’The Effects of Dispositional Empathy on Emotional Reactions and Helping: A Multidimensional Approach’ Journal of Personality 51 167–184

    Google Scholar 

  • M.H. Davis L. Conklin A. Smith C. Luce (1996) ArticleTitle’Effect of Perspective Taking on the Cognitive Representation of Person: A Merging of Self and Other’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 713–726

    Google Scholar 

  • R.T. Gorge ParticleDe (1999) Business Ethics, 5th Edition Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Dyck R. Kleysen (2001) ArticleTitle’Aristotle’s Virtues and Management Thought’ an Empirical Exploration of an Integrative Pedagogy’ Business Ethics Quarterly 11 IssueID4 561–574

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Eisengerg J. Strayer (1987) ’Critical Issues in the Study of Empathy’ J. Strayer (Eds) Empathy and Its Development. Cambridge University Press New York, NY 313

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Furnham B. Gunter (1993) Corporate Assessment: Auditing a Company’s Personality Routledge London

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Goffee G. Jones (1998) The Character of a Corporation HarperCollins London

    Google Scholar 

  • J.P. Gomes (2002) The Good Life Harper San Francisco New, York

    Google Scholar 

  • J.P. Guilford (1975) ArticleTitle’Factors and Factors of Personality’ Psychological Bulletin 82 IssueID5 802–814

    Google Scholar 

  • J.F. Hair R.E. Anderson R.L. Tatham W.C. Black (1995) Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings, 4th Edition Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Harris (2001) ArticleTitle’Content Analysis of Secondary Data: A Study of Courage in Managerial Decision Making’ Journal of Business Ethics 34 191–208

    Google Scholar 

  • E.M. Hartman (1998) ArticleTitle’The Role of Character in Business Ethics’ Business Ethics Quarterly 8 IssueID3 547–559

    Google Scholar 

  • T.A. Henderson E.A. Mihas (2000) ArticleTitle’Building Retail Brands’ The Mckinsey Quarterly 3 110–117

    Google Scholar 

  • T.R. Hinkin (1995) ArticleTitle’A Review of Scale Development Practices in the Study of Organization’ Journal of Management 21 IssueID5 967–988

    Google Scholar 

  • H.A. Hornstein (1986) Managerial Courage Wiley New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • L.T. Hosmer (1994) ArticleTitle’Why Be Moral? A Different Rationale for Managers’ Business Ethics Quarterly 4 IssueID2 191–204

    Google Scholar 

  • L.T. Hurtsthouse (1997) ’Virtue Theory and Abortion’ M. Slote (Eds) Virtue Ethics. Oxford University Press Oxford 217–238

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Joreskog D. Sorbom (1993) Lisrel 8 User’s Guide Scientific Software Inc Mooresville, IN

    Google Scholar 

  • M.F.R. Kets de Vries D. Miller (1984) ArticleTitle’Neurotic Style Ad Organizational Pathology’ Strategic Management Journal 5 IssueID1 33–55

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Knox S. Maklan K.E. Thompson (2000) ’Building the Unique Organization Value Proposition’ M.H. Larsen (Eds) The Expressive Organization; Linking Identity, Reputation and the Corporate Brand Oxford University Press New York, NY 138–153

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Kupperman (1991) Character Oxford University Press New York

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Lloyd (1990) The Nice Company Bloomsbury Publishing Limited London

    Google Scholar 

  • G.S. Low R.A. Fullerton (1994) ArticleTitle’Brands, Brand Management, and the Brand Manager System: A Critical-Historical Evaluation’ Journal of marketing research 31 173–190

    Google Scholar 

  • A. MacIntyre (1984) After Virtue, 2nd Edition University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame, IN

    Google Scholar 

  • H.W. Marsh D. Hocevar (1985) ArticleTitle’Application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis to the Study of Self-Concept: First- and Higher-Order Factor Models and Their Invariance across Groups’ Psychological Bulletin 97 562–582

    Google Scholar 

  • Martison, D. L.: 2000, ’Ethical Decision Making in Public Relations: What Would Aristotle Say?’ Public Relations Quarterly Fall 18–21.

  • N. Minow (1996) ArticleTitle’Downsizing Corporate Responsibility’ Public Relations Strategiest 2 IssueID3 15–16

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Moberg (1999) ArticleTitle’The Big Five and Organizational Virtue’ Business Ethics Quarterly 9 IssueID2 245–272

    Google Scholar 

  • D.J. Moberg (1997) ArticleTitle’Trustworthiness and Conscientiousness as Managerial Virtues’ Business and Professional Ethics Journal 16 IssueID13 171–194

    Google Scholar 

  • P.E. Murphy (1999) ArticleTitle’Character and Virtue Ethics in International Marketing: An Agenda for Managers, Researchers and Educators’ Journal of Business Ethics 18 IssueID1 107–124

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Nash (1993) Good Intentions Aside: A Manager’s Guide to Resolving Ethical Problems Harvard Business School Press Boston, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • S.M. Natale J.W. Ford (1994) ArticleTitle’The Social Audit and Ethics’ Managerial Auditing Journal 9 IssueID1 29–34

    Google Scholar 

  • J.C. Nunally (1978) Psychometric Theory, 2nd Edition McGraw-Hill New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • L.S. Paine (1991) ’Ethics as Character Development: Reflection on the Objective of Ethics Education’ R.E. Freeman (Eds) Business Ethics: The State of Art Oxford University Press New York, NY 67–88

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Peabody L.R. Goldberg (1989) ArticleTitle’Some Determinants of Factor Structures from Personality-Trait Descriptors’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 IssueID3 552–567

    Google Scholar 

  • E.L. Pincoffs (1987) Quandaries and Virtues: Against Reductivism in Ethics University of Kansas Lawrence, KS

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Popping (2000) Computer-Assisted Text Analysis Sage London

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Rachels (1999) The Elements of Moral Philosophy, 3rd Edition McGraw-Hill Boston, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer, F. H. 1975. A Conceptual Analysis of Empathy, Annual of psychoanalysis, 3 (Analytic Press), pp. 37–47.

  • P.M. Senge (1990) The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization Random House London

    Google Scholar 

  • K.J. Shanahan M.R. Hyman (2003) ArticleTitle’The Development of a Virtue Ethics Scale’ Journal of Business Ethics 42 197–208

    Google Scholar 

  • W.D. Shaw (1996) ArticleTitle’Business Ethics Today: A Survey’ Journal of Business Ethics 15 489–500

    Google Scholar 

  • R.C. Solomon (1992a) ArticleTitle’Corporate Roles, Personal Virtues: An Aristotelian Approach to Business Ethics’ Business Ethics Quarterly 2 IssueID3 317–339

    Google Scholar 

  • R.C. Solomon (1992b) Ethics and Excellence: Cooperation and Integrity in Business Oxford University Press New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • R.C. Solomon (1999a) A Better Way to Think About Business: How Personal Integrity Leads to Corporate Success Oxford University Press New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • R.C. Solomon (1999b) ’Business Ethics and Virtue’ R.E. Frederick (Eds) A Companion to Business Ethics Blackwell Malden, MA 30–37

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Spohn (1992) ArticleTitle’The Return of Virtue Ethics’ Theoretical Studies 53 IssueID1 60–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Stark, A.: 1993, ‘What Is the Matter with Business Ethics?’ Harvard Business Review May/June, 38–48.

  • M.G. Velasquez (2002) Business Ethics: Concept and Cases, 5th Edition Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • S.W. Ventrella (2001) ArticleTitle’Intentional Integrity’ Executive Excellence 18 IssueID5 9–10

    Google Scholar 

  • J.T. Whetstone (2001) ArticleTitle’How Virtue Fits within Business Ethics’ Journal of Business Ethics 33 101–114

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Williams (1985) Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Y. Yi (1990) ’A Critical Review of Consumer Satisfaction’ V.A. Zeithaml (Eds) Review of Marketing. American Marketing Association Chicago, IL

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rosa Chun.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chun, R. Ethical Character and Virtue of Organizations: An Empirical Assessment and Strategic Implications. J Bus Ethics 57, 269–284 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-004-6591-2

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-004-6591-2

Keywords

Navigation