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Simulated rainfall on agricultural soil reveals enzymatic regulation of short-term nitrous oxide profiles in soil gas and emissions from the surface

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Abstract

Many microbial species use nitrate to support respiration under oxygen limiting conditions via the process of denitrification, which generates the gaseous products nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and dinitrogen (N2). Denitrifying bacteria reduce NO to N2O, which is a potent greenhouse gas, to maintain intercellular concentrations below cytotoxic levels. The enzymes that reduce N2O to N2 play a crucial role in restricting N2O emissions from the surface. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that accumulation of N2O results from unbalanced rates of the sequence of denitrification reactions, which is ascribed to enzyme kinetics and sequential gene expression. However, the same enzymatic regulation of N2O accumulation in soil during short periods of anoxia has not been observed in the field. Here, we investigated the role of enzymatic regulation on the accumulation of N2O during a transition from oxic to anoxic conditions that was induced by a simulated rainfall in the field. Distinct regulation regimes for activities of pre- and de novo synthesized denitrification enzymes were observed. The activity of N2O reductase played a crucial role in regulating N2O emissions. Dynamics of N2O mixing ratios in soil gas and emissions from the surface were in excellent agreement with simulations using a one-dimensional, diffusion–reaction equation with explicit representations of denitrification enzyme kinetics. A more explicit representation of the regulatory biology of denitrification in current biogeochemical models, like the approach developed in the subject study, is a promising strategy for improving predictions of episodic emissions of N2O from soil.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge start-up funding, which supported Jianqiu Zheng, and an equipment loan to Paul V. Doskey through Michigan Technological University and Argonne National Laboratory, respectively. Partial support for Jianqiu Zheng through the Atmospheric Sciences Program is also greatly appreciated. The authors are grateful to Robert Fritz for constructing the rainfall simulator, soil gas sampling probes, and flux chambers, and Keenan A. Murray for assistance with field sampling. We thank Chris Lehmann, Laboratory Director of the Central Analytical Laboratory of NADP, for supplying deionized water for the rainfall simulation study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA

    Jianqiu Zheng & Paul V. Doskey

  2. School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA

    Paul V. Doskey

  3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA

    Paul V. Doskey

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  1. Jianqiu Zheng
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Correspondence to Paul V. Doskey.

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Zheng, J., Doskey, P.V. Simulated rainfall on agricultural soil reveals enzymatic regulation of short-term nitrous oxide profiles in soil gas and emissions from the surface. Biogeochemistry 128, 327–338 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-016-0210-z

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