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Longitudinal patterns in carbon and nitrogen fluxes and stream metabolism along an urban watershed continuum

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Abstract

An urban watershed continuum framework hypothesizes that there are coupled changes in (1) carbon and nitrogen cycling, (2) groundwater-surface water interactions, and (3) ecosystem metabolism along broader hydrologic flowpaths. It expands our understanding of urban streams beyond a reach scale. We evaluated this framework by analyzing longitudinal patterns in: C and N concentrations and mass balances, groundwater-surface interactions, and stream metabolism and carbon quality from headwaters to larger order streams. 52 monitoring sites were sampled seasonally and monthly along the Gwynns Falls watershed, which drains 170 km2 of the Baltimore Long-Term Ecological Research site. Regarding our first hypothesis of coupled C and N cycles, there were significant inverse linear relationships between nitrate and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen longitudinally (P < 0.05). Regarding our second hypothesis of coupled groundwater-surface water interactions, groundwater seepage and leaky piped infrastructure contributed significant inputs of water and N to stream reaches based on mass balance and chloride/fluoride tracer data. Regarding our third hypothesis of coupled ecosystem metabolism and carbon quality, stream metabolism increased downstream and showed potential to enhance DOC lability (e.g., ~4 times higher mean monthly primary production in urban streams than forest streams). DOC lability also increased with distance downstream and watershed urbanization based on protein and humic-like fractions, with major implications for ecosystem metabolism, biological oxygen demand, and CO2 production and alkalinity. Overall, our results showed significant in-stream retention and release (0–100 %) of watershed C and N loads over the scale of kilometers, seldom considered when evaluating monitoring, management, and restoration effectiveness. Given dynamic transport and retention across evolving spatial scales, there is a strong need to longitudinally and synoptically expand studies of hydrologic and biogeochemical processes beyond a stream reach scale along the urban watershed continuum.

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Acknowledgments

Peter Groffman, Melissa Grese, and Walter Boynton provided helpful comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. Charley Driscoll and 3 anonymous reviewers also provided helpful comments and suggestions. This research was supported by NSF DBI 0640300, NSF CBET 1058502, NASA NNX11AM28G, Baltimore Ecosystem Study LTER project (NSF DEB-0423476 and DEB-1027188), Maryland Sea Grant Award SA7528085-U, Maryland Sea Grant Award NA05OAR4171042, Maryland Sea Grant Award R/WS-2, and EPA Chesapeake Bay Program. USGS, Baltimore City, and Baltimore County provided logistical support. We thank James McCutchan, Michael Wilberg, Elizabeth Price, Keaton Norquist and Ryan Woodland for helpful discussions. Dan Dillon, Carlos Lozano, Matthew Newcomb, Sarah Ghorpade and Jon Bearr assisted with field work.

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  1. Sujay S. Kaushal, Tamara A. Newcomer, Shuiwang Duan & Michael J. Pennino

    Present address: Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, 5825 University Research Court, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, 20688, USA

    Sujay S. Kaushal, Katie Delaney-Newcomb, Tamara A. Newcomer, Shuiwang Duan, Gwendolyn M. Sivirichi & Ashley M. Sides-Raley

  2. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, 12545, USA

    Stuart E. G. Findlay

  3. University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21227, USA

    Michael J. Pennino

  4. USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA

    Mark R. Walbridge

  5. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Baltimore Field Station at University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21227, USA

    Kenneth T. Belt

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Kaushal, S.S., Delaney-Newcomb, K., Findlay, S.E.G. et al. Longitudinal patterns in carbon and nitrogen fluxes and stream metabolism along an urban watershed continuum. Biogeochemistry 121, 23–44 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-014-9979-9

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