Abstract
Habitat loss and fragmentation are considered the main causes of species extinctions, particularly in tropical ecosystems. The objective of this work was to evaluate the temporal dynamics of tropical bird communities in landscapes with different levels of fragmentation in eastern Guatemala. We evaluated five bird community dynamic parameters for forest specialists and generalists: (1) species extinction, (2) species turnover, (3) number of colonizing species, (4) relative species richness, and (5) a homogeneity index. For each of 24 landscapes, community dynamic parameters were estimated from bird point count data, for the 1998–1999 and 2008–2009 periods, accounting for species’ detection probability. Forest specialists had higher extinction rates and a smaller number of colonizing species in landscapes with higher fragmentation, thus having lower species richness in both time periods. Alternatively, forest generalists elicited a completely different pattern, showing a curvilinear association to forest fragmentation for most parameters. Thus, greater community dynamism for forest generalists was shown in landscapes with intermediate levels of fragmentation. Our study supports general theory regarding the expected negative effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on the temporal dynamics of biotic communities, particularly for forest specialists, providing strong evidence from understudied tropical bird communities.
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Acknowledgments
We wish to thank the Foundation for Ecodevelopment and Conservation (FUNDAECO) of Guatemala, Neotropical Bird Conservation Act-USFWS, The Nature Conservancy-Tennessee Chapter, Idea Wild, and the French Global Environmental Facility (Fond Français pour l`Environnement Mondial, FFEM), for financial support to carry out this research.
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Appendix
Appendix
Species list with landscape and life-history information. Proportion of landscapes (Prop. lands.) occupied in each period; mean fragmentation (Mean frag.) of occupied landscapes in each period; Main habitat; Foraging stratus: T terrestrial, U understory; M midlevel, C canopy, A aerial; Feeding guild: G granivore, F frugivore, I. A aerial insectivore, I.B.I. interior bark insectivore, I.B.S surface bark insectivore, I.Gl gleaning insectivore, I.L leaf-litter insectivore, I.S sallying insectivore, N nectarivore, O omnivore, R raptor; nest type and height. Taxonomic order is according to the North American Ornithologist´s Union Checklist of North and Middle American Birds (7th edition). Life-history information from Stotz et al. (1996), Skutch (1954, 1960, 1969) Stiles and Skutch (1989), and Terborgh et al. (1990).
Scientific name | Prop. lands. 98–99 | Prop. lands. 08–09 | Mean frag. 98–99 | Mean frag. 08–09 | Main habitat | Foraging stratus | Feeding Guild | Nest type | Nest height (m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tinamus major | 0.38 | 0.33 | 0.17 | 0.12 | Interior | T | G | Ground | 0.0 |
Crypturellus soui | 0.25 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.50 | Edge-generalist | T | G | Ground | 0.0 |
Crypturellus boucardi | 0.33 | 0.42 | 0.18 | 0.26 | interior | T | G | Ground | 0.0 |
Ortalis vetula | 0.46 | 0.33 | 0.71 | 0.61 | Edge-generalist | T/C | F | Platform | 5.0 |
Penelope purpurascens | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | Interior | U/C | F | Open cup | 4.0 |
Rupornis magnirostris | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.78 | 0.38 | Edge-generalist | C | R | Platform | 15.0 |
Pseudastur albicollis | 0.00 | 0.04 | – | 0.24 | Interior | C | R | Platform | 15.0 |
Spizaetus tyrannus | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.45 | 0.21 | Interior | C/A | R | Platform | 16.8 |
Spizastur melanoleucus | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.45 | – | Interior | C | R | Undescribed | – |
Patagioenas nigrirostris | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.29 | 0.31 | Interior | C | F | Platform | 17.5 |
Claravis pretiosa | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.26 | 0.49 | Edge-generalist | T/M | F | Platform | 6.0 |
Geotrygon montana | 0.08 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 0.23 | Interior | T | F | Platform | 1.5 |
Leptotila cassinii | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.23 | Edge-generalist | T | F | Platform | 3.0 |
Piaya cayana | 0.42 | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.28 | Interior | C | I.Gl | Open cup | 6.0 |
Streptoprocne zonaris | 0.42 | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.42 | Interior | A | I.A | Platform | 20.0 |
Chaetura vauxi | 0.71 | 0.29 | 0.42 | 0.69 | Interior | A | I.A | Open cup | 10.0 |
Florisuga mellivora | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.30 | – | Interior | M/C | N | Open cup | 2.0 |
Phaethornis longirostris | 0.17 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.21 | Interior | U | N | Open cup | 3.0 |
Phaethornis striigularis | 0.13 | 0.42 | 0.18 | 0.32 | Interior | U | N | Open cup | 2.0 |
Thalurania colombica | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Interior | U/M | N | Open cup | 3.0 |
Amazilia candida | 0.29 | 0.58 | 0.11 | 0.41 | Interior | U/C | N | Open cup | 2.0 |
Amazilia tzacatl | 0.17 | 0.58 | 0.45 | 0.45 | Edge-generalist | U/C | N | Open cup | 3.5 |
Trogon massena | 0.38 | 0.33 | 0.20 | 0.30 | Interior | M/C | O | Cavity | 9.0 |
Trogon melanocephalus | 0.71 | 0.63 | 0.58 | 0.60 | Interior | M/C | O | Cavity | 4.5 |
Trogon caligatus | 0.46 | 0.38 | 0.29 | 0.26 | Interior | C | O | Cavity | 5.0 |
Trogon collaris | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.00 | Interior | M/C | O | Cavity | 3.0 |
Momotus momota | 0.50 | 0.75 | 0.34 | 0.41 | Interior | U/M | I.S | Cavity | 0.0 |
Electron carinatum | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.14 | Interior | M | I.S | Cavity | 3.0 |
Malacoptila panamensis | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.63 | 0.18 | Interior | M/C | I.S | Cavity | 1.0 |
Galbula ruficauda | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.24 | Edge-generalist | M | I.S | Cavity | 0.0 |
Pteroglossus torquatus | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.11 | 0.22 | Interior | C | F | Cavity | 18.0 |
Ramphastos sulphuratus | 0.50 | 0.54 | 0.45 | 0.42 | Interior | C | F | Cavity | 15.0 |
Melanerpes pucherani | 0.29 | 0.13 | 0.22 | 0.00 | Interior | C | I.B.I | Cavity | 18.0 |
Picoides fumigatus | 0.00 | 0.13 | – | 0.41 | Interior | M/C | I.B.I | Cavity | 5.0 |
Colaptes rubiginosus | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.42 | 0.09 | Interior | C | I.B.I | Cavity | 10.0 |
Celeus castaneus | 0.08 | 0.29 | 0.05 | 0.17 | Interior | M/C | I.B.I | Cavity | 12.5 |
Campephilus guatemalensis | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.20 | Edge-generalist | C | I.B.I | Cavity | 10.0 |
Herpetotheres cachinanns | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.44 | 0.33 | Edge-generalist | C | R | Cavity | 12.0 |
Micrastur semitorquatus | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.65 | – | Interior | M/C | R | Cavity | 5.0 |
Falco rufigularis | 0.08 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.28 | Edge-generalist | C/A | R | Cavity | 15.0 |
Eupsittula nana | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.56 | 0.51 | Edge-generalist | C | G | Cavity | 7.0 |
Pyrilia haematotis | 0.25 | 0.38 | 0.20 | 0.25 | Interior | C | G | Cavity | 10.0 |
Pionus senilis | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.50 | Interior | C | G | Cavity | 10.0 |
Amazona autumnalis | 0.50 | 0.58 | 0.65 | 0.66 | Edge-generalist | C | G | Cavity | 10.0 |
Amazona farinosa | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.04 | Interior | C | G | Cavity | 10.0 |
Dysithamnus mentalis | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Interior | U/M | I.Gl | Open cup | 2.0 |
Microrhopias quixensis | 0.00 | 0.04 | – | 0.13 | Interior | M | I.Gl | Open cup | 6.5 |
Cercromacra tyraninna | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.37 | 0.19 | Edge-generalist | U | I.Gl | Hanging pouch | 3.3 |
Formicarius analis | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.08 | 0.19 | Interior | T | I.L | platform | 2.0 |
Sclerurus mexicanus | 0.00 | 0.04 | – | 0.00 | Interior | T | I.L | Cavity | 1.0 |
Sclerurus guatemalensis | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Interior | T | I.L | Open cup | 0.0 |
Dendrocincla anabatina | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.00 | Interior | U | I.B.S | Cavity | 4.0 |
Glyphorynchus spirurus | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.00 | Interior | U/M | I.B.S | Cavity | 3.0 |
Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae | 0.00 | 0.04 | – | 0.00 | Interior | U/M | I.B.S | Cavity | 4.0 |
Xiphorhynchus flavigaster | 0.42 | 0.46 | 0.32 | 0.28 | Interior | U/M | I.B.S | Cavity | 3.0 |
Xiphorhynchus erythropygius | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.45 | 0.00 | Interior | M | I.B.S | Cavity | 5.5 |
Xenops minutus | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.18 | Interior | U/M | I.Gl | Cavity | 5.0 |
Automolus ochroloaemus | 0.00 | 0.08 | – | 0.00 | Interior | M | I.Gl | Cavity | 1.0 |
Ornithion semiflavum | 0.00 | 0.25 | – | 0.35 | Edge-generalist | C | I.S | Undescribed | – |
Mionectes oleagineus | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.03 | Interior | U/C | O | Hanging pouch | 2.0 |
Oncostoma cinereigulare | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.27 | 0.27 | Edge-generalist | U/M | I.S | Hanging pouch | 0.5 |
Todirostrum cinereum | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.76 | 0.88 | Edge-generalist | U/C | I.Gl | Hanging pouch | 8.0 |
Tolmomyias sulphurescens | 0.21 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.34 | Interior | C | I.S | Hanging pouch | 12.0 |
Onychorynchus coronatus | 0.00 | 0.08 | – | 0.00 | Interior | M | I.S | Hanging pouch | 4.0 |
Attila spadiceus | 0.33 | 0.50 | 0.17 | 0.40 | Interior | M/C | I.S | Open cup | 3.4 |
Rhytipterna holerythra | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.08 | Interior | M/C | I.S | Open cup | 10.0 |
Myiarchus tuberculifer | 0.42 | 0.38 | 0.64 | 0.61 | Interior | M/C | I.S | Cavity | 8.0 |
Megarhynchus pitangua | 0.17 | 0.42 | 0.39 | 0.56 | Edge-generalist | C | I.S | Open cup | 10.0 |
Myozetetes similis | 0.75 | 0.79 | 0.61 | 0.60 | Edge-generalist | M/C | I.S | Globular structure | 8.5 |
Myiodynastes maculatus | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.33 | – | Edge-generalist | M/C | I.S | Cavity | 13.5 |
Schiffornis veraepacis | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.42 | Interior | U | F | Open cup | 1.0 |
Tityra semifasciata | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.42 | 0.57 | Interior | C | O | Cavity | 21.0 |
Pachyramphus cinnamomeus | 0.00 | 0.04 | – | 0.13 | Edge-generalist | C | I.S | Globular structure | 19.0 |
Lipaugus unirufus | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.00 | Interior | M/C | F | Platform | 7.5 |
Manacus candei | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.30 | 0.37 | Edge-generalist | U | F | Open cup | 2.5 |
Ceratopipra mentalis | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.00 | Interior | U/M | F | Open cup | 6.0 |
Hylophilus ochraceiceps | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.05 | Interior | U/M | I.Gl | Open cup | 3.5 |
Hylophilus decurtatus | 0.33 | 0.58 | 0.15 | 0.29 | Interior | M/C | I.Gl | Open cup | 12.0 |
Vireolanius pulchellus | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | Interior | C | I.Gl | Open cup | 14.0 |
Cyanocorax yncas | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.12 | Interior | C | O | Open cup | 10.0 |
Tachycineta albilinea | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.83 | – | Interior | A | I.A | Open cup | 2.0 |
Microcerculus philomela | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Interior | T/U | I.L | Undescribed | – |
Pheugopedius maculipectus | 0.67 | 0.71 | 0.40 | 0.44 | Edge-generalist | U/M | I.Gl | Globular structure | 3.5 |
Henicorhina leucostica | 0.42 | 0.33 | 0.17 | 0.23 | Interior | U | I.Gl | Globular structure | 0.3 |
Henicorhina leucophrys | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | Interior | U | I.Gl | Globular structure | 1.0 |
Ramphocaenus melanurus | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.13 | Edge-generalist | U/M | I.Gl | Open cup | 0.2 |
Myadestes unicolor | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Interior | M/C | F | Open cup | 3.0 |
Turdus grayi | 0.79 | 0.75 | 0.61 | 0.67 | Edge-generalist | T/M | O | Open cup | 15.5 |
Turdus assimilis | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.05 | – | Interior | U/M | O | Open cup | 4.5 |
Basileuterus culicivorus | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Interior | M | I.Gl | Globular structure | 0.0 |
Thraupis episcopus | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.66 | 0.73 | Edge-generalist | C | F | Open cup | 15.0 |
Thraupis abbas | 0.46 | 0.71 | 0.75 | 0.64 | Edge-generalist | M/C | F | Open cup | 3.0 |
Tangara larvata | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.89 | Edge-generalist | M/C | F | Open cup | 14.8 |
Chlorophanes spiza | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | Interior | C | O | Open cup | 7.0 |
Ramphocelus sanguinolentus | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.65 | – | Edge-generalist | U/M | F | Open cup | 4.0 |
Ramphocelus passerinii | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.64 | 0.57 | Edge-generalist | U/C | F | Open cup | 3.0 |
Cyanerpes cyaneus | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.74 | – | Interior | C | O | Open cup | 8.5 |
Coereba flaveola | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Interior | M/C | N | Globular structure | 3.0 |
Saltator maximus | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.56 | 0.66 | Edge-generalist | M/C | O | Open cup | 1.1 |
Saltator atriceps | 0.54 | 0.63 | 0.60 | 0.67 | Edge-generalist | M/C | O | Open cup | 2.3 |
Arremonops chloronotus | 0.04 | 0.29 | 0.45 | 0.73 | Edge-generalist | T/U | O | Open cup | 0.0 |
Chlorospingus ophtalmicus | 0.00 | 0.04 | – | 0.00 | Interior | U/M | O | Open cup | 7.5 |
Piranga leucoptera | 0.00 | 0.04 | – | 0.92 | Interior | C | I.Gl | Open cup | 14.0 |
Habia rubica | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Interior | U/M | I.Gl | Open cup | 3.9 |
Habia fuscicauda | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.00 | Edge-generalist | U | I.Gl | Open cup | 2.0 |
Caryothraustes poliogaster | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.14 | Interior | M/C | F | Open cup | 4.5 |
Cyanocompsa cyanoides | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.30 | 0.17 | Interior | M/C | G | Open cup | 2.5 |
Dives dives | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.62 | 0.63 | Edge-generalist | T/C | O | Open cup | 4.5 |
Molothrus oryzoborus | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.56 | 0.76 | Edge-generalist | U/M | O | Globular structure | 20.0 |
Icterus prosthemelas | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.74 | – | Edge-generalist | C | O | Hanging pouch | 6.5 |
Amblycercus holosericeus | 0.00 | 0.17 | – | 0.60 | Edge-generalist | U | O | Open cup | 2.0 |
Psarocolius wagleri | 0.13 | 0.46 | 0.00 | 0.40 | Interior | C | O | Hanging pouch | 10.0 |
Psarocolius montezuma | 0.54 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.48 | Interior | C | O | Hanging pouch | 10.0 |
Euphonia hirundinacea | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.65 | Edge-generalist | C | F | Globular structure | 8.0 |
Euphonia gouldi | 0.25 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.00 | Interior | U/C | F | Globular structure | 8.5 |
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Blandón, A.C., Perelman, S.B., Ramírez, M. et al. Temporal bird community dynamics are strongly affected by landscape fragmentation in a Central American tropical forest region. Biodivers Conserv 25, 311–330 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1049-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1049-2