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What do we know about the effect of patch size on primate species across life history traits?

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Abstract

Habitat loss and fragmentation are significant threats for primate species worldwide. However, few attempts have been made to look for general patterns in primate responses to habitat loss and fragmentation, or whether these may be associated with species’ traits. We conducted a review of published literature on effects of patch size to quantify the effect of a reduction in this predictor on primates, and to determine whether these effects depend on species’ traits. The effects of patch size on seven response variables (density, parasite prevalence and diversity, presence, genetic diversity, time spent feeding, resting and movement), were extracted from 135 papers and compared across six species traits (diet specialisation, social structure, body size, home range size, group size and dispersal ability). We found that density, parasitic prevalence and diversity and time spent feeding were positively associated with a reduction in patch size, while species’ presence and genetic diversity were negatively associated. Time spent resting and moving did not show clear patterns. We found little evidence that the effect of patch size varies consistently with traits. This study provides important evidence for the consistent effect of patch size on a range of factors that influence the dynamics of primate populations. However, there is a need to move beyond quantifying patch size effects alone and to quantify the effects of changes occurring at broader landscape scales. This would allow more holistic primate conservation strategies to be developed across whole landscapes rather than being focussed on the management of individual patches.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by funding from the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions. IPRS and UQCent scholarships from The University of Queensland also support the first author. The first author is grateful to Jennifer McDonald for her help with the English editing of this manuscript. We also are grateful to the two anonymous reviewers and the editor for their comments to improve this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, Chamberlain Building, Level 4, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia

    Xyomara Carretero-Pinzón, Clive A. McAlpine & Jonathan R. Rhodes

  2. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia

    Thomas R. Defler

Authors
  1. Xyomara Carretero-Pinzón
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  2. Thomas R. Defler
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  3. Clive A. McAlpine
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  4. Jonathan R. Rhodes
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Correspondence to Xyomara Carretero-Pinzón.

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Additional information

Communicated by Karen E. Hodges.

Appendices

Appendix 1

See Table 4.

Table 4 References included for each response variables used to evaluate the effect of habitat loss and fragmentation across traits and the predictors used for each study included
Full size table

The numbers in the table correspond to the following references.

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  19. 19.

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Appendix 2

See Figs. 4 and 5.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Effect of a decrease in patch size on density, presence, parasitic prevalence and diversity, and genetic diversity across primate species traits

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Fig. 5
figure 5

Effects of a decrease in patch size on behavior (movement, resting and feeding activities) analyzed across primate species traits

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Carretero-Pinzón, X., Defler, T.R., McAlpine, C.A. et al. What do we know about the effect of patch size on primate species across life history traits?. Biodivers Conserv 25, 37–66 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-1028-z

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