Abstract
The presence of endemic species is among the fundamental criteria for characterizing the biodiversity of a territory. Analyzing species richness, extinction level and distribution drivers is an important preliminary step to set conservation priorities and test environmental policies. This study applied the concept of adaptive management to develop strategies for the conservation of endemic floras by considering, as a case study, Sicily, Malta and their neighboring small islands. Adaptive management can be defined as the systematic acquisition and application of reliable information to improve management over time. The development of adaptive conservation strategies aimed preliminary: (1) to quantify endemic plant diversity; (2) to assess the current IUCN knowledge; (3) to analyze the spatial patterns of species distribution in relation to number of colonized habitats, preferential habitats, altitudinal range, and bedrock; (4) to assess whether Natura 2000 network contributed significantly to increase the overlap between endemic distributional areas and protected surface. Strictly Sicilian endemics were 202 taxa amounting to 7.0 % of the whole native flora (c. 2900 taxa). The current picture of extinction risk is still incomplete because over 50 % of endemics were never assessed or assessed with old IUCN criteria. The spatial range size of endemics depended by 40 % on bedrock, and altitudinal and niche breadth. Habitat type did not influence the range size of endemics. The overlap between endemic distributional areas and protected surface increased from 41.3 to 63.3 % with Natura 2000. Adaptive management needs measurable goals to test the progressive improvement of conservation strategies over time, and the reduction in threatened species may be considered as an indicator of successful conservation outcomes. Feedback plays an important role in the periodic revision of biodiversity assessment, distribution modeling, and environmental management, which are fundamental to predict conservation outcomes in the face of extreme uncertainty. In particular, the exhaustive knowledge of the IUCN status is a primary step to implement adaptive measures of conservation, especially as regards endemic floras that are potentially more vulnerable to large-scale or unpredictable and stochastic threats.
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Acknowledgments
This study was financed by the Italian Ministry of University and Scientific Research, Grant no. 20104001 (2011). The author wishes to thank Prof. Pietro Pavone (University of Catania) for his scientific suggestions, Dr. Vincenzo Veneziano (University of Catania) for his technical support during the GIS processing, Prof. Salvatore Ingrassia (University of Catania) for the statistical analysis, and the curators of the Botanic Gardens of Catania and Palermo for their assistance during the access to herbarium material and literature data. The author is also grateful to two anonymous referees whose constructive and insightful comments improved the quality of this article.
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Appendix
Appendix
Endemic plants | Islands | Cells | Bedr | Habitat | N hab | Alt min | Alt max | Alt breadth | IUCN | Year assess |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abies nebrodensis | Si | 1 | A | 42.1 | 1 | 1,400 | 1,700 | 300 | CR | 2011 |
Adenocarpus bivonii | Si | 6 | A | 31.7, 41.B, 41.1, 42.6 | 4 | 900 | 1,900 | 1,000 | LR | 1997 |
Adenostyles alpina subsp. nebrodensis | Si | 1 | B | 41.1 | 1 | 1,200 | 1,400 | 200 | CR | 2010 |
Allium agrigentinum | Si | 8 | B | 34.5, 15.7 | 2 | 100 | 400 | 300 | LR | 1997 |
Allium castellanense | Si | 6 | B | 34.5, 15.7 | 2 | 600 | 1,000 | 400 | NE | – |
Allium franciniae | Ma | 1 | B | 32.4 | 1 | 0 | 600 | 600 | LR | 1997 |
Allium hemisphaericum | La | 2 | B | 18.2, 34.5 | 2 | 0 | 100 | 100 | VU | 1997 |
Allium lehmannii | Si, Fa | 21 | B | 34.5 | 1 | 0 | 800 | 800 | DD | 2011 |
Allium lojaconoi | Ml, Go | 7 | B | 34.5, 18.2 | 2 | 0 | 200 | 200 | LR | 2011 |
Allium lopadusanum | La | 2 | B | 34.5, 32.4 | 2 | 0 | 100 | 100 | DD | 2011 |
Allium melitense | Ml, Go | 4 | B | 34.5 | 1 | 0 | 200 | 200 | NE | – |
Allium nebrodense | Si | 3 | A | 31.7, 61.3 | 2 | 1,500 | 1,900 | 400 | LR | 1997 |
Allium obtusiflorum | Si | 34 | I | 34.5, 32.2 | 2 | 0 | 400 | 400 | DD | 2011 |
Allium sphaerocephalon subsp. laxiflorum | Si, Li, Sa, Pa | 5 | I | 34.5 | 1 | 0 | 300 | 300 | NE | – |
Alyssum nebrodense subsp. nebrodense | Si | 9 | B | 31.7, 61.3, 62.1 | 3 | 1,200 | 2,000 | 800 | LR | 1997 |
Anthemis aetnensis | Si | 8 | A | 31.7, 66.2 | 2 | 1,600 | 3,000 | 1,400 | LR | 1997 |
Anthemis cretica subsp. messanensis | Si | 1 | A | 62.2 | 1 | 900 | 1,000 | 100 | VU | 2010 |
Anthemis cupaniana | Si | 46 | B | 62.1, 31.7, 61.3 | 3 | 500 | 1,800 | 1,300 | NE | – |
Anthemis ismelia | Si | 1 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 100 | 400 | 300 | CR | 2010 |
Anthemis muricata | Si | 7 | B | 34.5 | 1 | 0 | 500 | 500 | VU | 2010 |
Anthyllis hermanniae subsp. melitensis | Ml, Go | 9 | B | 18.2, 33.1 | 2 | 0 | 200 | 200 | EN | 2006 |
Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. busambarensis | Si | 19 | B | 62.1, 31.7 | 2 | 1,000 | 2,000 | 1,000 | LR | 1997 |
Aristolochia sicula | Si | 16 | I | 41.7, 41.1, 61.3 | 3 | 200 | 1,500 | 1,300 | LR | 1997 |
Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. nebrodense | Si | 28 | I | 32.2, 41.7, 41.1, 61.3, 31.7 | 5 | 500 | 1,900 | 1,400 | NE | – |
Asperula gussonei | Si | 3 | B | 62.1, 31.7 | 2 | 1,400 | 2,000 | 600 | VU | 2009 |
Asperula peloritana | Si | 1 | B | 31.7 | 1 | 900 | 1,200 | 300 | CR | 2009 |
Asperula rupestris | Si, Fa, Ma | 12 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 600 | 600 | LR | 1997 |
Astragalus caprinus subsp. huetii | Si | 29 | B | 32.2, 34.5 | 2 | 0 | 1,000 | 1,000 | LR | 1997 |
Astragalus nebrodensis | Si | 5 | B | 31.7, 41.1 | 2 | 1,200 | 2,000 | 800 | NE | – |
Astragalus raphaelis | Si | 6 | B | 32.2, 34.5 | 2 | 200 | 900 | 700 | CR | 2010 |
Astragalus siculus | Si | 8 | A | 31.7, 66.2, 42.6 | 3 | 1,000 | 2,900 | 1,900 | NE | – |
Atriplex lanfrancoi | Ml, Go | 5 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 200 | 200 | CR | 2006 |
Bellardiochloa variegata subsp. aetnensis | Si | 6 | A | 31.7, 66.2, 42.6 | 3 | 1,400 | 2,700 | 1,300 | NE | – |
Bellardiochloa variegata subsp. nebrodensis | Si | 5 | I | 31.7 | 1 | 1,300 | 2,500 | 1,200 | NE | – |
Bellevalia dubia subsp. dubia | Si, Fa | 30 | I | 34.8, 34.5, 15.7, 31.8 | 4 | 0 | 1,200 | 1,200 | NE | – |
Bellevalia pelagica | Lm | 1 | B | 15.7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | CR | 2009 |
Brassica macrocarpa | Fa, Ma, Le | 3 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 300 | 300 | CR | 2011 |
Brassica rupestris subsp. hispida | Si | 3 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 800 | 1,300 | 500 | EN | 2010 |
Brassica villosa subsp. bivonana | Si | 21 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 200 | 900 | 700 | LR | 1997 |
Brassica villosa subsp. brevisiliqua | Si | 2 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 200 | 200 | VU | 2010 |
Brassica villosa subsp. drepanensis | Si | 6 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 200 | 800 | 600 | VU | 2010 |
Brassica villosa subsp. tinei | Si | 9 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 300 | 900 | 600 | VU | 2010 |
Brassica villosa subsp. villosa | Si | 9 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 200 | 900 | 700 | CR | 2010 |
Bupleurum dianthifolium | Ma | 1 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 300 | 300 | CR | 2011 |
Bupleurum elatum | Si | 1 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 1,800 | 1,900 | 100 | CR | 2006 |
Calendula maritima | Si | 8 | I | 16.2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | CR | 2006 |
Campanula scheuchzeri subsp. marcenoi | Si | 2 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 1,000 | 1,300 | 300 | LR | 1997 |
Carduus nutans subsp. siculus | Si | 31 | I | 34.5, 32.2, 34.8 | 3 | 0 | 1,800 | 1,800 | NE | – |
Carlina sicula subsp. sicula | Si, Li, Vu, Sa, St, Fi, Al, Pa, Us, Fa, Ma, Le, Pt, Ml, Go | 75 | I | 34.5, 32.2, 34.8, 15.7, 45.3 | 5 | 0 | 1,600 | 1,600 | NE | – |
Celtis tournefortii subsp. aetnensis | Si | 12 | I | 45.3, 32.2 | 2 | 500 | 1,300 | 800 | LR | 1997 |
Celtis tournefortii subsp. asperrima | Si | 4 | B | 45.3, 32.2 | 2 | 500 | 1,300 | 800 | VU | 2010 |
Centaurea aeolica subsp. aeolica | Li, Vu, Sa, St, Al, Pa | 8 | A | 62.2 | 1 | 0 | 300 | 300 | LR | 1997 |
Centaurea busambarensis | Si | 9 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 400 | 1,600 | 1,200 | NE | – |
Centaurea erycina | Si | 1 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 700 | 700 | 0 | VU | 2010 |
Centaurea giardinae | Si | 6 | I | 31.7, 61.3 | 2 | 700 | 1,600 | 900 | LR | 2006 |
Centaurea gussonei | Si | 3 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 700 | 1,400 | 700 | NE | – |
Centaurea macroacantha | Si | 3 | B | 34.5 | 1 | 0 | 500 | 500 | DD | 1997 |
Centaurea panormitana | Si | 1 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 600 | 700 | 100 | NE | – |
Centaurea panormitana subsp. seguenzae | Si | 1 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 100 | VU | 2010 |
Centaurea panormitana subsp. todaroi | Si | 10 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 600 | 600 | LR | 1997 |
Centaurea panormitana subsp. ucriae | Si, Fa, Ma, Le | 14 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 800 | 800 | LR | 1997 |
Centaurea panormitana subsp. umbrosa | Si | 9 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 1,200 | 1,200 | LR | 1997 |
Centaurea parlatoris | Si, Fa, Ma | 45 | I | 31.7, 61.3, 42.6, 32.2, 34.5 | 5 | 0 | 2,700 | 2,700 | NE | – |
Centaurea saccensis | Si | 1 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 100 | 200 | 100 | VU | 2010 |
Centaurea sicana | Si | 12 | B | 61.3, 34.7, 31.7, 62.1 | 4 | 1,000 | 1,400 | 400 | LR | 2008 |
Centaurea tauromenitana | Si | 3 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 600 | 600 | LR | 1997 |
Cheirolophus crassifolius | Ml, Go | 6 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 200 | 200 | CR | 2006 |
Chiliadenus bocconei | Ml, Go | 10 | B | 62.1, 32.2 | 2 | 0 | 200 | 200 | NE | – |
Chiliadenus lopadusanus | La | 2 | B | 18.2, 32.2, 33.1 | 3 | 0 | 100 | 100 | VU | 2010 |
Clinopodium minae | Si | 6 | I | 34.7 | 1 | 1,000 | 1,700 | 700 | NE | – |
Crassula basaltica | Si | 3 | B | 34.5 | 1 | 100 | 800 | 700 | VU | 2010 |
Crepis vesicaria subsp. bivoniana | Si | 66 | I | 38.2, 34.8, 31.7, 34.5 | 4 | 400 | 1,400 | 1,000 | DD | 1997 |
Crocus siculus | Si | 11 | I | 41.7, 34.7 | 2 | 600 | 1,800 | 1,200 | LR | 1997 |
Cymbalaria muralis subsp. pubescens | Si | 62 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 1,800 | 1,800 | LR | 1997 |
Cynoglossum nebrodense | Si | 6 | B | 31.7 | 1 | 500 | 1,900 | 1,400 | LR | 1997 |
Cytisus aeolicus | Li, Vu, St, Al | 6 | A | 32.2 | 1 | 0 | 500 | 500 | CR | 2011 |
Daucus lopadusanus | Si, La, Ml | 6 | B | 34.5, 18.2, 34.8 | 3 | 0 | 100 | 100 | VU | 2010 |
Daucus nebrodensis | Si | 3 | A | 34.7 | 1 | 1,600 | 1,800 | 200 | NE | – |
Delphinium emarginatum subsp. emarginatum | Si | 20 | B | 34.5, 32.2 | 2 | 0 | 700 | 700 | LR | 1997 |
Desmazeria pignattii | Si, Ml, Go | 17 | B | 34.5, 18.2 | 2 | 0 | 100 | 100 | VU | 2010 |
Dianthus busambrae | Si | 5 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 1,000 | 1,900 | 900 | VU | 2010 |
Dianthus cyathophorus subsp. minae | Si | 1 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 700 | 700 | 0 | VU | 2004 |
Dianthus graminifolius | Si | 31 | I | 34.5, 32.2 | 2 | 0 | 1,000 | 1,000 | LR | 2010 |
Dianthus rupicola subsp. aeolicus | Si, Li, Sa, St, Fi, Al, Pa | 9 | A | 62.2 | 1 | 0 | 600 | 600 | EN | 2010 |
Dianthus rupicola subsp. lopadusanus | La | 1 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 100 | NE | – |
Draba olympicoides | Si | 4 | B | 34.7, 62.1, 31.7 | 3 | 1,100 | 1,900 | 800 | LR | 1997 |
Echinaria todaroana | Si | 24 | I | 34.5, 34.8, 15.7 | 3 | 0 | 1,000 | 1,000 | VU | 2010 |
Echium italicum subsp. siculum | Si | 163 | I | 34.5, 34.8, 32.2 | 3 | 0 | 1,300 | 1,300 | NE | – |
Edraianthus graminifolius subsp. siculus | Si | 5 | B | 62.1, 34.7 | 2 | 1,100 | 2,000 | 900 | LR | 1997 |
Elatine gussonei | La, Ml, Go | 7 | B | 22.3 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 100 | LR | 2011 |
Epipactis muelleri subsp. cerritae | Si | 2 | A | 41.7, 42.6 | 2 | 600 | 1,400 | 800 | NE | – |
Erica sicula subsp. sicula | Si, Ma | 2 | B | 62.1, 32.2 | 2 | 0 | 500 | 500 | EN | 2010 |
Eryngium crinitum | Si | 14 | B | 32.2, 34.5 | 2 | 0 | 1,200 | 1,200 | LR | 1997 |
Eryngium siculum | Si | 9 | B | 32.2, 34.5 | 2 | 300 | 1,500 | 1,200 | NE | – |
Eryngium tricuspidatum subsp. bocconei | Si | 48 | I | 45.2, 32.2, 45.3, 34.5, 41.7 | 5 | 0 | 1,200 | 1,200 | NE | – |
Erysimum bonannianum | Si | 57 | I | 31.7, 42.6, 32.2, 61.3, 62.1 | 5 | 600 | 2,000 | 1,400 | NE | – |
Erysimum brulloi | Al | 1 | A | 32.2, 34.8 | 2 | 300 | 600 | 300 | VU | 2010 |
Erysimum metlesicsii | Si | 21 | B | 32.2, 62.1 | 2 | 200 | 1,200 | 1,000 | LR | 1997 |
Euphorbia melitensis | Ml, Go | 7 | B | 32.4 | 1 | 0 | 200 | 200 | NE | – |
Euphorbia papillaris | Si, Fa, Ma, Le | 6 | B | 32.2 | 1 | 0 | 600 | 600 | VU | 2010 |
Festuca humifusa | Si | 1 | B | 34.6 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 100 | VU | 2010 |
Festuca morisiana subsp. sicula | Si | 2 | A | 38.2 | 1 | 1,100 | 1,300 | 200 | NE | – |
Festuca pignattiorum | Si | 1 | A | 31.7 | 1 | 1,400 | 1,900 | 500 | NE | – |
Filago lojaconoi | Pt, Ln | 5 | A | 34.5 | 1 | 0 | 200 | 200 | VU | 2010 |
Fraxinus excelsior subsp. siciliensis | Si | 2 | A | 31.8, 41.7 | 2 | 1,000 | 1,300 | 300 | VU | 2010 |
Gagea sicula | Si | 3 | I | 32.2, 45.3 | 2 | 900 | 1,000 | 100 | VU | 2010 |
Galium litorale | Si | 7 | A | 32.2, 16.2 | 2 | 0 | 100 | 100 | LR | 2011 |
Genista aristata | Si | 18 | A | 45.2, 41.1, 38.2 | 3 | 400 | 1,600 | 1,200 | LR | 1997 |
Genista cupanii | Si | 10 | I | 31.7, 42.1, 41.7 | 3 | 600 | 1,800 | 1,200 | NE | – |
Genista demarcoi | Si | 1 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 600 | 700 | 100 | CR | 2010 |
Genista gasparrinii | Si | 1 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 100 | 200 | 100 | CR | 2010 |
Genista madoniensis | Si | 4 | A | 45.2 | 1 | 200 | 600 | 400 | VU | 2010 |
Helianthemum oelandicum subsp. nebrodense | Si | 3 | B | 34.3, 31.7, 62.1 | 3 | 1,000 | 1,800 | 800 | LR | 1997 |
Helianthemum sicanorum | Si | 1 | B | 32.2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | CR | 2010 |
Helichrysum errerae | Pt | 4 | I | 33.A | 1 | 0 | 200 | 200 | LR | 1997 |
Helichrysum hyblaeum | Si | 18 | B | 32.2, 34.5 | 2 | 300 | 600 | 300 | VU | 2010 |
Helichrysum melitense | Go | 2 | B | 62.1, 32.2 | 2 | 0 | 200 | 200 | CR | 2006 |
Helichrysum nebrodense | Si | 6 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 500 | 1,800 | 1,300 | LR | 1997 |
Helichrysum panormitanum | Si, Fa, Le | 30 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 800 | 800 | LR | 1997 |
Helichrysum pendulum | Si | 13 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 600 | 1,800 | 1,200 | LR | 1997 |
Hesperis laciniata subsp. cupaniana | Si | 2 | B | 61.3 | 1 | 1,000 | 1,800 | 800 | EN | 2010 |
Hyoseris frutescens | Ml, Go | 2 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 200 | 200 | DD | 2011 |
Isoëtes todaroana | Si | 1 | B | 22.3 | 1 | 100 | 100 | 0 | CR | 2009 |
Jacobaea ambigua subsp. ambigua | Si | 14 | A | 61.3 | 1 | 100 | 1,500 | 1,400 | NE | – |
Jacobaea candida | Si | 3 | B | 61.3, 31.7 | 2 | 1,000 | 1,700 | 700 | LR | 1997 |
Jacobaea maritima subsp. sicula | Si, Fa, Ma, Le, Ln, Ml, Go | 11 | B | 18.2 | 1 | 0 | 200 | 200 | NE | – |
Jurinea bocconei | Si | 2 | I | 31.7 | 1 | 1,000 | 1,800 | 800 | LR | 1997 |
Linaria multicaulis subsp. aetnensis | Si | 12 | A | 34.5 | 1 | 200 | 700 | 500 | NE | – |
Linaria multicaulis subsp. humilis | Si | 14 | A | 34.5 | 1 | 0 | 700 | 700 | NE | – |
Linaria pseudolaxiflora | La, Ln, Ml, Go | 10 | I | 34.5 | 1 | 0 | 200 | 200 | VU | 2011 |
Linum punctatum subsp. punctatum | Si | 3 | B | 34.3, 31.7, 61.3 | 3 | 1,000 | 1,900 | 900 | LR | 1997 |
Malus crescimannoi | Si | 2 | A | 41.7, 41.1 | 2 | 1,100 | 1,500 | 400 | LR | 2010 |
Matthiola incana subsp. melitensis | Ml, Go | 2 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 200 | 200 | NE | – |
Matthiola incana subsp. pulchella | Pt | 4 | I | 33.A | 1 | 0 | 200 | 200 | LR | 1997 |
Megathyrsus bivonianus | Si | 9 | B | 34.6 | 1 | 0 | 600 | 600 | LR | 1997 |
Muscari gussonei | Si | 10 | I | 16.2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | EN | 2010 |
Myosotis humilis | Si | 1 | A | 34.5 | 1 | 800 | 1,000 | 200 | VU | 2010 |
Odontites bocconei | Si | 52 | B | 62.1, 32.2, 41.1, 31.7 | 4 | 300 | 1,800 | 1,500 | NE | – |
Onosma echioides subsp. canescens | Si | 11 | B | 31.7, 34.3, 61.3, 32.2 | 4 | 300 | 1,800 | 1,500 | LR | 1997 |
Ophrys fuciflora subsp. biancae | Si | 20 | B | 32.2, 32.1 | 2 | 0 | 800 | 800 | EN | 2010 |
Ophrys lunulata | Si | 32 | B | 32.2, 32.1 | 2 | 0 | 1,000 | 1,000 | LR | 2011 |
Ophrys omegaifera subsp. hayekii | Si | 17 | B | 32.2 | 1 | 300 | 800 | 500 | NE | – |
Orobanche chironii | Si | 5 | B | 62.1, 31.7 | 2 | 500 | 1,500 | 1,000 | VU | 2010 |
Orobanche thapsoides | Si | 1 | B | 34.8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | VU | 2010 |
Petagnaea gussonei | Si | 5 | A | 37.4 | 1 | 300 | 1,400 | 1,100 | EN | 2011 |
Peucedanum nebrodensis | Si | 1 | B | 31.7 | 1 | 1,800 | 1,900 | 100 | CR | 2010 |
Pimpinella gussonii | Si, Ma | 30 | I | 32.2, 45.2 | 2 | 0 | 1,200 | 1,200 | NE | – |
Plantago afra subsp. zwierleinii | Si, Pt, La, Ln, Ml | 5 | I | 34.5 | 1 | 0 | 200 | 200 | LR | 1997 |
Plantago peloritana | Si | 1 | A | 31.8 | 1 | 800 | 800 | 0 | EN | 2010 |
Plantago subulata subsp. humilis | Si | 4 | I | 31.7, 41.1 | 2 | 1,000 | 1,900 | 900 | NE | – |
Prospero hierae | Ma | 1 | B | 15.1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | VU | 2010 |
Pseudoscabiosa limonifolia | Si, Ma | 3 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 300 | 300 | EN | 2010 |
Ptilostemon greuteri | Si | 1 | B | 62.1, 32.2 | 2 | 200 | 500 | 300 | CR | 2010 |
Puccinellia gussonei | Si | 3 | B | 15.7, 53.1 | 2 | 200 | 300 | 100 | CR | 2010 |
Pyrus castribonensis | Si | 8 | A | 31.8, 45.2 | 2 | 100 | 1,000 | 900 | DD | 2011 |
Pyrus sicanorum | Si | 7 | B | 31.8, 41.7 | 2 | 700 | 1,300 | 600 | DD | 2011 |
Pyrus vallis–demonis | Si | 4 | A | 31.8, 41.7 | 2 | 1,100 | 1,500 | 400 | DD | 2011 |
Quercus gussonei | Si | 15 | I | 45.3, 41.7 | 2 | 200 | 900 | 700 | LR | 2004 |
Retama raetam subsp. gussonei | Si | 7 | B | 16.2, 32.2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | VU | 2010 |
Rhamnus lojaconoi | Si | 1 | A | 32.1 | 1 | 800 | 900 | 100 | CR | 2010 |
Romulea linaresii subsp. linaresii | Si | 2 | B | 16.2, 34.5 | 2 | 0 | 500 | 500 | LR | 1997 |
Romulea melitensis | Si, Ml | 3 | B | 18.2 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 100 | NE | – |
Salix gussonei | Si | 26 | I | 44.7 | 1 | 0 | 600 | 600 | LR | 1997 |
Salsola melitensis | Ml | 5 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 200 | 200 | NE | – |
Scabiosa parviflora | Si | 10 | B | 34.5 | 1 | 0 | 600 | 600 | NE | – |
Scilla dimartinoi | La | 2 | B | 18.2 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 100 | CR | 2010 |
Scleranthus aetnensis | Si | 8 | A | 31.7, 66.4 | 2 | 800 | 2,500 | 1,700 | LR | 1997 |
Scleranthus perennis subsp. vulcanicus | Si | 6 | A | 31.7, 66.2 | 2 | 1,700 | 2,700 | 1,000 | LR | 1997 |
Scutellaria rubicunda | Si | 40 | I | 45.3, 61.3, 31.8 | 3 | 300 | 1,800 | 1,500 | NE | – |
Senecio squalidus subsp. aethnensis | Si | 8 | A | 31.7, 66.2, 42.6 | 3 | 1,600 | 3,000 | 1,400 | LR | 1997 |
Senecio squalidus subsp. microglossus | Si, Vu | 25 | I | 61.3, 31.7, 34.8 | 3 | 0 | 1,600 | 1,600 | NE | – |
Senecio squalidus subsp. squalidus | Si | 22 | I | 61.3, 31.7, 34.8 | 3 | 100 | 2,000 | 1,900 | LR | 1997 |
Serapias cordigera subsp. cossyrensis | Pt | 1 | A | 32.2 | 1 | 400 | 500 | 100 | NE | – |
Serapias orientalis subsp. siciliensis | Si | 1 | A | 32.2 | 1 | 200 | 300 | 100 | CR | 2010 |
Seseli bocconei | Si, St, Pa, Us, Fa, Ma, Le, La | 46 | I | 62.1, 32.2 | 2 | 0 | 600 | 600 | NE | – |
Sesleria nitida subsp. sicula | Si | 12 | B | 31.7, 34.3, 61.3 | 3 | 800 | 2,000 | 1,200 | NE | – |
Silene agrigentina | Si | 2 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 100 | 300 | 200 | NE | – |
Silene hicesiae | Al, Pa | 2 | A | 62.2 | 1 | 100 | 300 | 200 | VU | 2011 |
Silene minae | Si | 1 | B | 34.5 | 1 | 800 | 900 | 100 | NE | – |
Silene saxifraga subsp. rupicola | Si | 3 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 1,000 | 1,900 | 900 | LR | 1997 |
Spergularia madoniaca | Si | 1 | B | 34.7 | 1 | 1,700 | 1,700 | 0 | NE | – |
Stipa sicula | Si | 6 | I | 32.2, 31.7, 34.3 | 3 | 500 | 1,800 | 1,300 | CR | 2010 |
Symphytum gussonei | Si | 16 | I | 41.1, 45.3, 45.8, 45.2 | 4 | 300 | 1,800 | 1,500 | LR | 1997 |
Tanacetum vulgare subsp. siculum | Si | 15 | A | 31.7, 41.1, 42.6, 34.7 | 4 | 800 | 2,600 | 1,800 | LR | 1997 |
Thapsia garganica subsp. messanensis | Si | 2 | A | 34.6 | 1 | 1,000 | 1,300 | 300 | NE | – |
Thapsia pelagica | La | 2 | B | 34.6 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 100 | VU | 2010 |
Thymus richardii subsp. nitidus | Ma | 1 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 600 | 600 | LR | 1997 |
Torilis nemoralis | Si | 5 | B | 34.8 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 100 | NE | – |
Trachelium caeruleum subsp. lanceolatum | Si | 10 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 0 | 400 | 400 | LR | 1997 |
Tragopogon crocifolius subsp. nebrodensis | Si | 9 | I | 31.7, 42.6 | 2 | 800 | 1,800 | 1,000 | NE | – |
Trifolium bivonae | Si | 38 | A | 45.2, 38.2, 31.7, 45.3 | 4 | 200 | 1,800 | 1,600 | LR | 1997 |
Tripolium sorrentinoi | Si | 14 | B | 34.5, 15.7 | 2 | 200 | 1,000 | 800 | EN | 2011 |
Urtica rupestris | Si | 11 | B | 62.1, 31.8 | 2 | 0 | 600 | 600 | LR | 1997 |
Valantia calva | Ln | 1 | A | 34.5 | 1 | 200 | 200 | 0 | EN | 2010 |
Valantia deltoidea | Si | 1 | B | 62.1, 34.7 | 2 | 1,600 | 1,600 | 0 | EN | 2010 |
Verbascum siculum | Si | 4 | B | 31.7, 34.7, 34.5 | 3 | 0 | 1,700 | 1,700 | CR | 1997 |
Viola aethnensis subsp. aethnensis | Si | 7 | A | 31.7, 66.2, 42.6 | 3 | 1,500 | 2,800 | 1,300 | LR | 2010 |
Viola nebrodensis | Si | 4 | B | 31.7, 62.1 | 2 | 1,600 | 2,000 | 400 | LR | 1997 |
Viola tineorum | Si | 2 | B | 62.1 | 1 | 900 | 1,600 | 700 | EN | 2010 |
Viola ucriana | Si | 2 | B | 32.2, 62.1 | 2 | 1,000 | 1,300 | 300 | CR | 2006 |
Zannichellia melitensis | Ml, Go | 4 | B | 22.4 | 1 | 0 | 200 | 200 | LR | 2011 |
Zelkova sicula | Si | 1 | B | 32.1, 31.8 | 2 | 400 | 500 | 100 | CR | 2006 |
Total taxa per island (n) | Si (167), Li (5), Vu (4), Sa (4), St (5), Fi (2), Al (6), Pa (6), Us (2), Fa (11), Ma (15), Le (7), Pt (6), La (11), Ln (5), Lm (1), Ml (19), Go (16) | |||||||||
Total exclusive taxa per island (n) | Si (146), Li (0), Vu (0), Sa (0), St (0), Fi (0), Al (1), Pa (0), Us (0), Fa (0), Ma (4), Le (0), Pt (3), La (6), Ln (1), Lm (1), Ml (1), Go (1) |
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Bonanno, G. Adaptive management as a tool to improve the conservation of endemic floras: the case of Sicily, Malta and their satellite islands. Biodivers Conserv 22, 1317–1354 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0473-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0473-9