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Adaptive management as a tool to improve the conservation of endemic floras: the case of Sicily, Malta and their satellite islands

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Abstract

The presence of endemic species is among the fundamental criteria for characterizing the biodiversity of a territory. Analyzing species richness, extinction level and distribution drivers is an important preliminary step to set conservation priorities and test environmental policies. This study applied the concept of adaptive management to develop strategies for the conservation of endemic floras by considering, as a case study, Sicily, Malta and their neighboring small islands. Adaptive management can be defined as the systematic acquisition and application of reliable information to improve management over time. The development of adaptive conservation strategies aimed preliminary: (1) to quantify endemic plant diversity; (2) to assess the current IUCN knowledge; (3) to analyze the spatial patterns of species distribution in relation to number of colonized habitats, preferential habitats, altitudinal range, and bedrock; (4) to assess whether Natura 2000 network contributed significantly to increase the overlap between endemic distributional areas and protected surface. Strictly Sicilian endemics were 202 taxa amounting to 7.0 % of the whole native flora (c. 2900 taxa). The current picture of extinction risk is still incomplete because over 50 % of endemics were never assessed or assessed with old IUCN criteria. The spatial range size of endemics depended by 40 % on bedrock, and altitudinal and niche breadth. Habitat type did not influence the range size of endemics. The overlap between endemic distributional areas and protected surface increased from 41.3 to 63.3 % with Natura 2000. Adaptive management needs measurable goals to test the progressive improvement of conservation strategies over time, and the reduction in threatened species may be considered as an indicator of successful conservation outcomes. Feedback plays an important role in the periodic revision of biodiversity assessment, distribution modeling, and environmental management, which are fundamental to predict conservation outcomes in the face of extreme uncertainty. In particular, the exhaustive knowledge of the IUCN status is a primary step to implement adaptive measures of conservation, especially as regards endemic floras that are potentially more vulnerable to large-scale or unpredictable and stochastic threats.

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Acknowledgments

This study was financed by the Italian Ministry of University and Scientific Research, Grant no. 20104001 (2011). The author wishes to thank Prof. Pietro Pavone (University of Catania) for his scientific suggestions, Dr. Vincenzo Veneziano (University of Catania) for his technical support during the GIS processing, Prof. Salvatore Ingrassia (University of Catania) for the statistical analysis, and the curators of the Botanic Gardens of Catania and Palermo for their assistance during the access to herbarium material and literature data. The author is also grateful to two anonymous referees whose constructive and insightful comments improved the quality of this article.

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  1. Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Longo 19, 95125, Catania, Italy

    Giuseppe Bonanno

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Correspondence to Giuseppe Bonanno.

Appendix

Appendix

Endemic plants

Islands

Cells

Bedr

Habitat

N hab

Alt min

Alt max

Alt breadth

IUCN

Year assess

Abies nebrodensis

Si

1

A

42.1

1

1,400

1,700

300

CR

2011

Adenocarpus bivonii

Si

6

A

31.7, 41.B, 41.1, 42.6

4

900

1,900

1,000

LR

1997

Adenostyles alpina subsp. nebrodensis

Si

1

B

41.1

1

1,200

1,400

200

CR

2010

Allium agrigentinum

Si

8

B

34.5, 15.7

2

100

400

300

LR

1997

Allium castellanense

Si

6

B

34.5, 15.7

2

600

1,000

400

NE

–

Allium franciniae

Ma

1

B

32.4

1

0

600

600

LR

1997

Allium hemisphaericum

La

2

B

18.2, 34.5

2

0

100

100

VU

1997

Allium lehmannii

Si, Fa

21

B

34.5

1

0

800

800

DD

2011

Allium lojaconoi

Ml, Go

7

B

34.5, 18.2

2

0

200

200

LR

2011

Allium lopadusanum

La

2

B

34.5, 32.4

2

0

100

100

DD

2011

Allium melitense

Ml, Go

4

B

34.5

1

0

200

200

NE

–

Allium nebrodense

Si

3

A

31.7, 61.3

2

1,500

1,900

400

LR

1997

Allium obtusiflorum

Si

34

I

34.5, 32.2

2

0

400

400

DD

2011

Allium sphaerocephalon subsp. laxiflorum

Si, Li, Sa, Pa

5

I

34.5

1

0

300

300

NE

–

Alyssum nebrodense subsp. nebrodense

Si

9

B

31.7, 61.3, 62.1

3

1,200

2,000

800

LR

1997

Anthemis aetnensis

Si

8

A

31.7, 66.2

2

1,600

3,000

1,400

LR

1997

Anthemis cretica subsp. messanensis

Si

1

A

62.2

1

900

1,000

100

VU

2010

Anthemis cupaniana

Si

46

B

62.1, 31.7, 61.3

3

500

1,800

1,300

NE

–

Anthemis ismelia

Si

1

B

62.1

1

100

400

300

CR

2010

Anthemis muricata

Si

7

B

34.5

1

0

500

500

VU

2010

Anthyllis hermanniae subsp. melitensis

Ml, Go

9

B

18.2, 33.1

2

0

200

200

EN

2006

Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. busambarensis

Si

19

B

62.1, 31.7

2

1,000

2,000

1,000

LR

1997

Aristolochia sicula

Si

16

I

41.7, 41.1, 61.3

3

200

1,500

1,300

LR

1997

Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. nebrodense

Si

28

I

32.2, 41.7, 41.1, 61.3, 31.7

5

500

1,900

1,400

NE

–

Asperula gussonei

Si

3

B

62.1, 31.7

2

1,400

2,000

600

VU

2009

Asperula peloritana

Si

1

B

31.7

1

900

1,200

300

CR

2009

Asperula rupestris

Si, Fa, Ma

12

B

62.1

1

0

600

600

LR

1997

Astragalus caprinus subsp. huetii

Si

29

B

32.2, 34.5

2

0

1,000

1,000

LR

1997

Astragalus nebrodensis

Si

5

B

31.7, 41.1

2

1,200

2,000

800

NE

–

Astragalus raphaelis

Si

6

B

32.2, 34.5

2

200

900

700

CR

2010

Astragalus siculus

Si

8

A

31.7, 66.2, 42.6

3

1,000

2,900

1,900

NE

–

Atriplex lanfrancoi

Ml, Go

5

B

62.1

1

0

200

200

CR

2006

Bellardiochloa variegata subsp. aetnensis

Si

6

A

31.7, 66.2, 42.6

3

1,400

2,700

1,300

NE

–

Bellardiochloa variegata subsp. nebrodensis

Si

5

I

31.7

1

1,300

2,500

1,200

NE

–

Bellevalia dubia subsp. dubia

Si, Fa

30

I

34.8, 34.5, 15.7, 31.8

4

0

1,200

1,200

NE

–

Bellevalia pelagica

Lm

1

B

15.7

1

0

0

0

CR

2009

Brassica macrocarpa

Fa, Ma, Le

3

B

62.1

1

0

300

300

CR

2011

Brassica rupestris subsp. hispida

Si

3

B

62.1

1

800

1,300

500

EN

2010

Brassica villosa subsp. bivonana

Si

21

B

62.1

1

200

900

700

LR

1997

Brassica villosa subsp. brevisiliqua

Si

2

B

62.1

1

0

200

200

VU

2010

Brassica villosa subsp. drepanensis

Si

6

B

62.1

1

200

800

600

VU

2010

Brassica villosa subsp. tinei

Si

9

B

62.1

1

300

900

600

VU

2010

Brassica villosa subsp. villosa

Si

9

B

62.1

1

200

900

700

CR

2010

Bupleurum dianthifolium

Ma

1

B

62.1

1

0

300

300

CR

2011

Bupleurum elatum

Si

1

B

62.1

1

1,800

1,900

100

CR

2006

Calendula maritima

Si

8

I

16.2

1

0

0

0

CR

2006

Campanula scheuchzeri subsp. marcenoi

Si

2

B

62.1

1

1,000

1,300

300

LR

1997

Carduus nutans subsp. siculus

Si

31

I

34.5, 32.2, 34.8

3

0

1,800

1,800

NE

–

Carlina sicula subsp. sicula

Si, Li, Vu, Sa, St, Fi, Al, Pa, Us, Fa, Ma, Le, Pt, Ml, Go

75

I

34.5, 32.2, 34.8, 15.7, 45.3

5

0

1,600

1,600

NE

–

Celtis tournefortii subsp. aetnensis

Si

12

I

45.3, 32.2

2

500

1,300

800

LR

1997

Celtis tournefortii subsp. asperrima

Si

4

B

45.3, 32.2

2

500

1,300

800

VU

2010

Centaurea aeolica subsp. aeolica

Li, Vu, Sa, St, Al, Pa

8

A

62.2

1

0

300

300

LR

1997

Centaurea busambarensis

Si

9

B

62.1

1

400

1,600

1,200

NE

–

Centaurea erycina

Si

1

B

62.1

1

700

700

0

VU

2010

Centaurea giardinae

Si

6

I

31.7, 61.3

2

700

1,600

900

LR

2006

Centaurea gussonei

Si

3

B

62.1

1

700

1,400

700

NE

–

Centaurea macroacantha

Si

3

B

34.5

1

0

500

500

DD

1997

Centaurea panormitana

Si

1

B

62.1

1

600

700

100

NE

–

Centaurea panormitana subsp. seguenzae

Si

1

B

62.1

1

0

100

100

VU

2010

Centaurea panormitana subsp. todaroi

Si

10

B

62.1

1

0

600

600

LR

1997

Centaurea panormitana subsp. ucriae

Si, Fa, Ma, Le

14

B

62.1

1

0

800

800

LR

1997

Centaurea panormitana subsp. umbrosa

Si

9

B

62.1

1

0

1,200

1,200

LR

1997

Centaurea parlatoris

Si, Fa, Ma

45

I

31.7, 61.3, 42.6, 32.2, 34.5

5

0

2,700

2,700

NE

–

Centaurea saccensis

Si

1

B

62.1

1

100

200

100

VU

2010

Centaurea sicana

Si

12

B

61.3, 34.7, 31.7, 62.1

4

1,000

1,400

400

LR

2008

Centaurea tauromenitana

Si

3

B

62.1

1

0

600

600

LR

1997

Cheirolophus crassifolius

Ml, Go

6

B

62.1

1

0

200

200

CR

2006

Chiliadenus bocconei

Ml, Go

10

B

62.1, 32.2

2

0

200

200

NE

–

Chiliadenus lopadusanus

La

2

B

18.2, 32.2, 33.1

3

0

100

100

VU

2010

Clinopodium minae

Si

6

I

34.7

1

1,000

1,700

700

NE

–

Crassula basaltica

Si

3

B

34.5

1

100

800

700

VU

2010

Crepis vesicaria subsp. bivoniana

Si

66

I

38.2, 34.8, 31.7, 34.5

4

400

1,400

1,000

DD

1997

Crocus siculus

Si

11

I

41.7, 34.7

2

600

1,800

1,200

LR

1997

Cymbalaria muralis subsp. pubescens

Si

62

B

62.1

1

0

1,800

1,800

LR

1997

Cynoglossum nebrodense

Si

6

B

31.7

1

500

1,900

1,400

LR

1997

Cytisus aeolicus

Li, Vu, St, Al

6

A

32.2

1

0

500

500

CR

2011

Daucus lopadusanus

Si, La, Ml

6

B

34.5, 18.2, 34.8

3

0

100

100

VU

2010

Daucus nebrodensis

Si

3

A

34.7

1

1,600

1,800

200

NE

–

Delphinium emarginatum subsp. emarginatum

Si

20

B

34.5, 32.2

2

0

700

700

LR

1997

Desmazeria pignattii

Si, Ml, Go

17

B

34.5, 18.2

2

0

100

100

VU

2010

Dianthus busambrae

Si

5

B

62.1

1

1,000

1,900

900

VU

2010

Dianthus cyathophorus subsp. minae

Si

1

B

62.1

1

700

700

0

VU

2004

Dianthus graminifolius

Si

31

I

34.5, 32.2

2

0

1,000

1,000

LR

2010

Dianthus rupicola subsp. aeolicus

Si, Li, Sa, St, Fi, Al, Pa

9

A

62.2

1

0

600

600

EN

2010

Dianthus rupicola subsp. lopadusanus

La

1

B

62.1

1

0

100

100

NE

–

Draba olympicoides

Si

4

B

34.7, 62.1, 31.7

3

1,100

1,900

800

LR

1997

Echinaria todaroana

Si

24

I

34.5, 34.8, 15.7

3

0

1,000

1,000

VU

2010

Echium italicum subsp. siculum

Si

163

I

34.5, 34.8, 32.2

3

0

1,300

1,300

NE

–

Edraianthus graminifolius subsp. siculus

Si

5

B

62.1, 34.7

2

1,100

2,000

900

LR

1997

Elatine gussonei

La, Ml, Go

7

B

22.3

1

0

100

100

LR

2011

Epipactis muelleri subsp. cerritae

Si

2

A

41.7, 42.6

2

600

1,400

800

NE

–

Erica sicula subsp. sicula

Si, Ma

2

B

62.1, 32.2

2

0

500

500

EN

2010

Eryngium crinitum

Si

14

B

32.2, 34.5

2

0

1,200

1,200

LR

1997

Eryngium siculum

Si

9

B

32.2, 34.5

2

300

1,500

1,200

NE

–

Eryngium tricuspidatum subsp. bocconei

Si

48

I

45.2, 32.2, 45.3, 34.5, 41.7

5

0

1,200

1,200

NE

–

Erysimum bonannianum

Si

57

I

31.7, 42.6, 32.2, 61.3, 62.1

5

600

2,000

1,400

NE

–

Erysimum brulloi

Al

1

A

32.2, 34.8

2

300

600

300

VU

2010

Erysimum metlesicsii

Si

21

B

32.2, 62.1

2

200

1,200

1,000

LR

1997

Euphorbia melitensis

Ml, Go

7

B

32.4

1

0

200

200

NE

–

Euphorbia papillaris

Si, Fa, Ma, Le

6

B

32.2

1

0

600

600

VU

2010

Festuca humifusa

Si

1

B

34.6

1

0

100

100

VU

2010

Festuca morisiana subsp. sicula

Si

2

A

38.2

1

1,100

1,300

200

NE

–

Festuca pignattiorum

Si

1

A

31.7

1

1,400

1,900

500

NE

–

Filago lojaconoi

Pt, Ln

5

A

34.5

1

0

200

200

VU

2010

Fraxinus excelsior subsp. siciliensis

Si

2

A

31.8, 41.7

2

1,000

1,300

300

VU

2010

Gagea sicula

Si

3

I

32.2, 45.3

2

900

1,000

100

VU

2010

Galium litorale

Si

7

A

32.2, 16.2

2

0

100

100

LR

2011

Genista aristata

Si

18

A

45.2, 41.1, 38.2

3

400

1,600

1,200

LR

1997

Genista cupanii

Si

10

I

31.7, 42.1, 41.7

3

600

1,800

1,200

NE

–

Genista demarcoi

Si

1

B

62.1

1

600

700

100

CR

2010

Genista gasparrinii

Si

1

B

62.1

1

100

200

100

CR

2010

Genista madoniensis

Si

4

A

45.2

1

200

600

400

VU

2010

Helianthemum oelandicum subsp. nebrodense

Si

3

B

34.3, 31.7, 62.1

3

1,000

1,800

800

LR

1997

Helianthemum sicanorum

Si

1

B

32.2

1

0

0

0

CR

2010

Helichrysum errerae

Pt

4

I

33.A

1

0

200

200

LR

1997

Helichrysum hyblaeum

Si

18

B

32.2, 34.5

2

300

600

300

VU

2010

Helichrysum melitense

Go

2

B

62.1, 32.2

2

0

200

200

CR

2006

Helichrysum nebrodense

Si

6

B

62.1

1

500

1,800

1,300

LR

1997

Helichrysum panormitanum

Si, Fa, Le

30

B

62.1

1

0

800

800

LR

1997

Helichrysum pendulum

Si

13

B

62.1

1

600

1,800

1,200

LR

1997

Hesperis laciniata subsp. cupaniana

Si

2

B

61.3

1

1,000

1,800

800

EN

2010

Hyoseris frutescens

Ml, Go

2

B

62.1

1

0

200

200

DD

2011

Isoëtes todaroana

Si

1

B

22.3

1

100

100

0

CR

2009

Jacobaea ambigua subsp. ambigua

Si

14

A

61.3

1

100

1,500

1,400

NE

–

Jacobaea candida

Si

3

B

61.3, 31.7

2

1,000

1,700

700

LR

1997

Jacobaea maritima subsp. sicula

Si, Fa, Ma, Le, Ln, Ml, Go

11

B

18.2

1

0

200

200

NE

–

Jurinea bocconei

Si

2

I

31.7

1

1,000

1,800

800

LR

1997

Linaria multicaulis subsp. aetnensis

Si

12

A

34.5

1

200

700

500

NE

–

Linaria multicaulis subsp. humilis

Si

14

A

34.5

1

0

700

700

NE

–

Linaria pseudolaxiflora

La, Ln, Ml, Go

10

I

34.5

1

0

200

200

VU

2011

Linum punctatum subsp. punctatum

Si

3

B

34.3, 31.7, 61.3

3

1,000

1,900

900

LR

1997

Malus crescimannoi

Si

2

A

41.7, 41.1

2

1,100

1,500

400

LR

2010

Matthiola incana subsp. melitensis

Ml, Go

2

B

62.1

1

0

200

200

NE

–

Matthiola incana subsp. pulchella

Pt

4

I

33.A

1

0

200

200

LR

1997

Megathyrsus bivonianus

Si

9

B

34.6

1

0

600

600

LR

1997

Muscari gussonei

Si

10

I

16.2

1

0

0

0

EN

2010

Myosotis humilis

Si

1

A

34.5

1

800

1,000

200

VU

2010

Odontites bocconei

Si

52

B

62.1, 32.2, 41.1, 31.7

4

300

1,800

1,500

NE

–

Onosma echioides subsp. canescens

Si

11

B

31.7, 34.3, 61.3, 32.2

4

300

1,800

1,500

LR

1997

Ophrys fuciflora subsp. biancae

Si

20

B

32.2, 32.1

2

0

800

800

EN

2010

Ophrys lunulata

Si

32

B

32.2, 32.1

2

0

1,000

1,000

LR

2011

Ophrys omegaifera subsp. hayekii

Si

17

B

32.2

1

300

800

500

NE

–

Orobanche chironii

Si

5

B

62.1, 31.7

2

500

1,500

1,000

VU

2010

Orobanche thapsoides

Si

1

B

34.8

1

0

0

0

VU

2010

Petagnaea gussonei

Si

5

A

37.4

1

300

1,400

1,100

EN

2011

Peucedanum nebrodensis

Si

1

B

31.7

1

1,800

1,900

100

CR

2010

Pimpinella gussonii

Si, Ma

30

I

32.2, 45.2

2

0

1,200

1,200

NE

–

Plantago afra subsp. zwierleinii

Si, Pt, La, Ln, Ml

5

I

34.5

1

0

200

200

LR

1997

Plantago peloritana

Si

1

A

31.8

1

800

800

0

EN

2010

Plantago subulata subsp. humilis

Si

4

I

31.7, 41.1

2

1,000

1,900

900

NE

–

Prospero hierae

Ma

1

B

15.1

1

0

0

0

VU

2010

Pseudoscabiosa limonifolia

Si, Ma

3

B

62.1

1

0

300

300

EN

2010

Ptilostemon greuteri

Si

1

B

62.1, 32.2

2

200

500

300

CR

2010

Puccinellia gussonei

Si

3

B

15.7, 53.1

2

200

300

100

CR

2010

Pyrus castribonensis

Si

8

A

31.8, 45.2

2

100

1,000

900

DD

2011

Pyrus sicanorum

Si

7

B

31.8, 41.7

2

700

1,300

600

DD

2011

Pyrus vallis–demonis

Si

4

A

31.8, 41.7

2

1,100

1,500

400

DD

2011

Quercus gussonei

Si

15

I

45.3, 41.7

2

200

900

700

LR

2004

Retama raetam subsp. gussonei

Si

7

B

16.2, 32.2

2

0

0

0

VU

2010

Rhamnus lojaconoi

Si

1

A

32.1

1

800

900

100

CR

2010

Romulea linaresii subsp. linaresii

Si

2

B

16.2, 34.5

2

0

500

500

LR

1997

Romulea melitensis

Si, Ml

3

B

18.2

1

0

100

100

NE

–

Salix gussonei

Si

26

I

44.7

1

0

600

600

LR

1997

Salsola melitensis

Ml

5

B

62.1

1

0

200

200

NE

–

Scabiosa parviflora

Si

10

B

34.5

1

0

600

600

NE

–

Scilla dimartinoi

La

2

B

18.2

1

0

100

100

CR

2010

Scleranthus aetnensis

Si

8

A

31.7, 66.4

2

800

2,500

1,700

LR

1997

Scleranthus perennis subsp. vulcanicus

Si

6

A

31.7, 66.2

2

1,700

2,700

1,000

LR

1997

Scutellaria rubicunda

Si

40

I

45.3, 61.3, 31.8

3

300

1,800

1,500

NE

–

Senecio squalidus subsp. aethnensis

Si

8

A

31.7, 66.2, 42.6

3

1,600

3,000

1,400

LR

1997

Senecio squalidus subsp. microglossus

Si, Vu

25

I

61.3, 31.7, 34.8

3

0

1,600

1,600

NE

–

Senecio squalidus subsp. squalidus

Si

22

I

61.3, 31.7, 34.8

3

100

2,000

1,900

LR

1997

Serapias cordigera subsp. cossyrensis

Pt

1

A

32.2

1

400

500

100

NE

–

Serapias orientalis subsp. siciliensis

Si

1

A

32.2

1

200

300

100

CR

2010

Seseli bocconei

Si, St, Pa, Us, Fa, Ma, Le, La

46

I

62.1, 32.2

2

0

600

600

NE

–

Sesleria nitida subsp. sicula

Si

12

B

31.7, 34.3, 61.3

3

800

2,000

1,200

NE

–

Silene agrigentina

Si

2

B

62.1

1

100

300

200

NE

–

Silene hicesiae

Al, Pa

2

A

62.2

1

100

300

200

VU

2011

Silene minae

Si

1

B

34.5

1

800

900

100

NE

–

Silene saxifraga subsp. rupicola

Si

3

B

62.1

1

1,000

1,900

900

LR

1997

Spergularia madoniaca

Si

1

B

34.7

1

1,700

1,700

0

NE

–

Stipa sicula

Si

6

I

32.2, 31.7, 34.3

3

500

1,800

1,300

CR

2010

Symphytum gussonei

Si

16

I

41.1, 45.3, 45.8, 45.2

4

300

1,800

1,500

LR

1997

Tanacetum vulgare subsp. siculum

Si

15

A

31.7, 41.1, 42.6, 34.7

4

800

2,600

1,800

LR

1997

Thapsia garganica subsp. messanensis

Si

2

A

34.6

1

1,000

1,300

300

NE

–

Thapsia pelagica

La

2

B

34.6

1

0

100

100

VU

2010

Thymus richardii subsp. nitidus

Ma

1

B

62.1

1

0

600

600

LR

1997

Torilis nemoralis

Si

5

B

34.8

1

0

100

100

NE

–

Trachelium caeruleum subsp. lanceolatum

Si

10

B

62.1

1

0

400

400

LR

1997

Tragopogon crocifolius subsp. nebrodensis

Si

9

I

31.7, 42.6

2

800

1,800

1,000

NE

–

Trifolium bivonae

Si

38

A

45.2, 38.2, 31.7, 45.3

4

200

1,800

1,600

LR

1997

Tripolium sorrentinoi

Si

14

B

34.5, 15.7

2

200

1,000

800

EN

2011

Urtica rupestris

Si

11

B

62.1, 31.8

2

0

600

600

LR

1997

Valantia calva

Ln

1

A

34.5

1

200

200

0

EN

2010

Valantia deltoidea

Si

1

B

62.1, 34.7

2

1,600

1,600

0

EN

2010

Verbascum siculum

Si

4

B

31.7, 34.7, 34.5

3

0

1,700

1,700

CR

1997

Viola aethnensis subsp. aethnensis

Si

7

A

31.7, 66.2, 42.6

3

1,500

2,800

1,300

LR

2010

Viola nebrodensis

Si

4

B

31.7, 62.1

2

1,600

2,000

400

LR

1997

Viola tineorum

Si

2

B

62.1

1

900

1,600

700

EN

2010

Viola ucriana

Si

2

B

32.2, 62.1

2

1,000

1,300

300

CR

2006

Zannichellia melitensis

Ml, Go

4

B

22.4

1

0

200

200

LR

2011

Zelkova sicula

Si

1

B

32.1, 31.8

2

400

500

100

CR

2006

Total taxa per island (n)

Si (167), Li (5), Vu (4), Sa (4), St (5), Fi (2), Al (6), Pa (6), Us (2), Fa (11), Ma (15), Le (7), Pt (6), La (11), Ln (5), Lm (1), Ml (19), Go (16)

Total exclusive taxa per island (n)

Si (146), Li (0), Vu (0), Sa (0), St (0), Fi (0), Al (1), Pa (0), Us (0), Fa (0), Ma (4), Le (0), Pt (3), La (6), Ln (1), Lm (1), Ml (1), Go (1)

  1. Si Sicily, Li Lipari, Vu Vulcano, Sa Salina, St Stromboli, Fi Filicudi, Al Alicudi, Pa Panarea, Us Ustica, Fa Favignana, Ma Marettimo, Le Lèvanzo, Pt Pantelleria, La Lampedusa, Ln Linosa, Lm Lampione, Ml Malta, Go Gozo, cells number of colonized grid cells (1 cell ~35 km2), bedr bedrock (A acidic, B basic, I indifferent), habitat habitats in order of preference (Corine Biotopes codes, see Table 5), N hab number of colonized habitats, alt min lower altitudinal distribution limit (m), alt max upper altitudinal distribution limit (m), alt breadth altitudinal breadth (m), IUCN conservation status (CR critically endangered, EN endangered, VU vulnerable, LR lower risk includes the near threatened (NT) and least concern (LC) categories, DD data deficient, NE not evaluated), year assess year in which the conservation status was last assessed

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Bonanno, G. Adaptive management as a tool to improve the conservation of endemic floras: the case of Sicily, Malta and their satellite islands. Biodivers Conserv 22, 1317–1354 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0473-9

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