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Effect of shipping traffic on biofouling invasion success at population and community levels

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Abstract

The relationship between shipping and invasion success in marine waters has rarely been demonstrated empirically. In commercial ports, greater shipping activity is expected to increase invasion success at both the community and population levels by altering the diversity of exotic species discharged (colonization pressure) and the number of introduction events (propagule number). This study sought large-scale correlations between metrics of shipping activities and exotic fouling species diversity at the community (species richness evaluated using standardized port surveys) and population (genetic diversity) levels. The richness of exotic fouling species was evaluated at the community level by sampling 15 commercial ports in marine temperate Canadian waters. At the population level, we investigated genetic diversity of the model fouling species Botryllus schlosseri in five commercial ports, by identifying 262 individuals at the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene and eight polymorphic nuclear microsatellites. Measures of community- and population-level richness were related to various measures of propagule number and colonization pressure related to ship ballast and hull biofouling. Patterns of exotic fouling diversity are consistent with the hypothesis that increased shipping arrivals increase establishment success at both the community and population levels. As expected for fouling exotic species, ballast water was a less important vector; introduction success was best correlated to the number of arrivals of non-merchant ships from close regions, suggesting that this vector is important for successful invasion of this group of organisms.

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Acknowledgments

Sarah Bailey, Jennifer K Adams and Robert Dallas Linley generously provided the shipping database. Graham Gillespie, Thomas Therriault, Claudio Dibacco, Benedikte Vercaemer and Nathalie Simard helped to establish our initial regional lists of exotic species. Matthias Herborg, Thomas Therriault, Arin Yeomans Routledge and Kimberley Thornton and Olivier d’Amours helped with port diving operations. Tanya Hansen, Maryse Plante-Couture, Raphael Estrada Anaya, Sophie Comtois, Jean-Charles Fleurent, Katie Kenny-Foeldessy, Claude Nozères and Francois Roy provided essential help with collecting specimens. We thank Gretchen Lambert and Sarah Stewart-Clark for confirming tunicate identifications from morphological traits and molecular techniques, respectively. Benedikte Vercaemer, Dawn Sephton and Joanne Keays helped with field set-up and Andréa Weise helped with figures. Eric Petersen provided statistical support. We thank Gregory M. Ruiz, James T. Carlton, James Corbett and Julie Lockwood for helpful comments. Funding for this study was provided by the NSERC Canadian Aquatic Invasive Species Network (CAISN) and Fisheries and Ocean Canada to C.W.. A.L.R. was further supported by scholarships from McGill University and the Fonds de recherche sur la nature et les technologies (FQRNT). F.G. acknowledges support from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Université Laval, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada

    Anaïs Lacoursière-Roussel

  2. Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada

    Dan G. Bock

  3. Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield, Montréal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada

    Melania E. Cristescu & Frédéric Guichard

  4. Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 850 route de la Mer, Mont-Joli, QC, G5H 3Z4, Canada

    Christopher W. McKindsey

Authors
  1. Anaïs Lacoursière-Roussel
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  2. Dan G. Bock
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  3. Melania E. Cristescu
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  4. Frédéric Guichard
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  5. Christopher W. McKindsey
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anaïs Lacoursière-Roussel.

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Lacoursière-Roussel, A., Bock, D.G., Cristescu, M.E. et al. Effect of shipping traffic on biofouling invasion success at population and community levels. Biol Invasions 18, 3681–3695 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1258-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1258-3

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