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The Effect of Pleistocene Climate Fluctuations on Distribution of European Abalone (Haliotis tuberculata), Revealed by Combined Mitochondrial and Nuclear Marker Analyses

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Abstract

The genetic differentiation among the populations of the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata was investigated using different markers to better understand the evolutionary history and exchanges between populations. Three markers were used: mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI), the sperm lysin nuclear gene, and eight nuclear microsatellites. These markers present different characteristics concerning mutation rate and inheritance, which provided complementary information about abalone history and gene diversity. Genetic diversity and relationships among subspecies were calculated from a sample of approximately 500 individuals, collected from 17 different locations in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean, Macaronesia, and Mediterranean Sea. COI marker was used to explore the phylogeny of the species with a network analysis and two phylogenetic methods. The analysis revealed 18 major haplotypes grouped into two distinct clades with a pairwise sequence divergence up to 3.5 %. These clades do not correspond to subspecies but revealed many contacts along Atlantic coast during the Pleistocene interglaciations. The sperm lysin gene analysis separated two different subtaxa: one associated to Macaronesian islands, and the other to all other populations. Moreover, a small population of the northern subtaxon was isolated in the Adriatic Sea—probably before the separation of the two lineages—and evolved independently. Microsatellites were analyzed by different genetics methods, including the Bayesian clustering method and migration patterns analysis. It revealed genetically distinct microsatellite patterns among populations from Mediterranean Sea, Brittany and Normandy, Morocco, and Canary and Balearic islands. Gene flow is asymmetric among the regions; the Azores and the Canary Islands are particularly isolated and have low effective population sizes. Our results support the hypothesis that climate changes since the Pleistocene glaciations have played a major role in the geographic distribution of the European abalone. Traces of these events related to maternal inheritance were shown on COI marker.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the EEC (SUDEVAB no 222156 program for SMEs). Sylvain Huchette (France Haliotis) supplied Northern Brittany samples. Olivier Basuyaux from the S.M.E.L. supplied samples from Normandy collected in 2007. Galicia and Asturias samples were collected by Susana Soto and Carmen Rodríguez (Facultad Ciencas del mar, Universidad Vigo, Spain). Banyuls samples were provided by Jean Michel Amouroux (CNRS), Croatia samples by Andrej Jaklin (Rovinj), Balearic samples by Samuel Iglesias (MNHN), Carthagen samples by Nuria Garcia Bueno (University of Nantes), Morocco samples by Bhaby Sanaa (Faculty of Ain Chock, Casablanca), and Canary Islands samples by Gercende Courtois (Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA).

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  1. EA 229 Geoarchitecture, UBO, Faculté des sciences et techniques, Avenue Le Gorgeu, 29238, Brest cedex 3, France

    Valérie Roussel

  2. Station de Biologie Marine, UMR 7208 BOREA - Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Place de La Croix, BP 225, 29900, Concarneau, France

    Valérie Roussel & Alain Van Wormhoudt

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Roussel, V., Van Wormhoudt, A. The Effect of Pleistocene Climate Fluctuations on Distribution of European Abalone (Haliotis tuberculata), Revealed by Combined Mitochondrial and Nuclear Marker Analyses. Biochem Genet 55, 124–154 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-016-9778-1

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