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Biodemographic and Physical Correlates of Sexual Orientation in Men

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Abstract

To better understand sexual orientation from an evolutionary perspective, we investigated whether, compared to heterosexual men, the fewer direct descendants of homosexual men could be counterbalanced by a larger number of other close biological relatives. We also investigated the extent to which three patterns generally studied separately––handedness, number of biological older brothers, and hair-whorl rotation pattern––correlated with each other, and for evidence of replication of previous findings on how each pattern related to sexual orientation. We surveyed at Gay Pride and general community festivals, analyzing data for 894 heterosexual men and 694 homosexual men, both groups predominantly (~80%) white/non-Hispanic. The Kinsey distribution of sexual orientation for men recruited from the general community festivals approximated previous population-based surveys. Compared to heterosexual men, homosexual men had both more relatives, especially paternal relatives, and more homosexual male relatives. We found that the familiality for male sexual orientation decreased with relatedness, i.e., when moving from first-degree to second-degree relatives. We also replicated the fraternal birth order effect. However, we found no significant correlations among handedness, hair whorl rotation pattern, and sexual orientation, and, contrary to some previous research, no evidence that male sexual orientation is transmitted predominantly through the maternal line.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the anonymous participants for their time and cooperation. We thank Drs. J. Michael Bailey and Joan A. Linsenmeier for insightful comments on an earlier draft of the article, and the thorough reviews and helpful suggestions from the Editor and the three peer reviewers. This research was supported by a grant to RK from the Chicago Area Undergraduate Research Symposium, a Summer Undergraduate Research Grant to GS from Northwestern University, and funds from the Behavior Genetics Unit of NorthShore University HealthSystem.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

    Gene Schwartz, Rachael M. Kim, Gerulf Rieger & Alan R. Sanders

  2. Behavior Genetics Unit, Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA

    Gene Schwartz, Rachael M. Kim, Alana B. Kolundzija & Alan R. Sanders

  3. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

    Alan R. Sanders

  4. Research Institute, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL, 60201-3137, USA

    Alan R. Sanders

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  1. Gene Schwartz
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Schwartz, G., Kim, R.M., Kolundzija, A.B. et al. Biodemographic and Physical Correlates of Sexual Orientation in Men. Arch Sex Behav 39, 93–109 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9499-1

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