Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mortality associated with OsHV-1 in spat Crassostrea gigas: role of wild-caught spat in the horizontal transmission of the disease

  • Published:
Aquaculture International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The French oyster production of Crassostrea gigas is based on two sources of spat: wild-caught (WC) and hatchery-produced (HP). Massive mortality related to the ostreid herpesvirus type 1 (OsHV-1) has affected both sources in France since 2008. We investigated the mortality in juvenile C. gigas due to the horizontal transmission of OsHV-1 within (separated condition) and between (mixed condition) the two spat sources in three environments from April to June 2010. In the separated condition, no mortality was observed in the HP batches, while the WC batches experienced moderate to high mortality (40–80 %). In contrast, the WC and HP batches experienced high mortality in all tested environments for the mixed condition. At the beginning of the trial, the HP batches were all negative for OsHV-1 DNA detection by real-time PCR, while the WC batches were all positive for OsHV-1 DNA detection by real-time PCR, even though the percentage of virus DNA-positive oysters and viral load were low. During the experiment, all batches that exhibited mortality were positive for OsHV-1 with a high viral load, while OsHV-1 was never detected for the HP batches of the separated condition. Together, our results demonstrated that OsHV-1 was horizontally transmitted from the WC oysters to the HP oysters. Our study is the first to indicate that the mortality related to OsHV-1 in HP oysters can be avoided using ponds or tanks. However, these oysters were always protected from OsHV-1, and HP oysters could also experience mortality and spread the disease similar to the WC oysters if such care is not used. Finally, the persistence of OsHV-1 at a sub-clinical level in certain oysters supports the hypothesis that the virus can be reactivated and cause viral replication. The use of the two spat sources is discussed to better understand the spread of the disease among oyster stocks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Albright BW, Abbe GR, McCollough CB, Barker LS, Dungan CF (2007) Growth and mortality of dermo-disease-free juvenile oysters (Crassostrea virginica) at three salinity regimes in an enzootic area of Chesapeake Bay. J Shellfish Res 26:451–463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arzul I, Renault T, Thebault A, Gerard A (2002) Detection of oyster herpesvirus DNA and proteins in asymptomatic Crassostrea gigas adults. Virus Res 84:151–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burge CA, Friedman CS (2012) Quantifying ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1) genome copies and expression during transmission. Microb Ecol 63:596–604

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron A, Crane M (2011) Final report: OsHV-1 μVar international workshop, Cairns, Queensland, Australia 9–10 July 2011. AusVet Animal Health Services and Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra

  • Carlsson J, Carnegie RB, Cordes JF, Hare MP, Leggett AT, Reece KS (2008) Evaluating recruitment contribution of a selectively bred aquaculture line of the oyster, Crassostrea virginica used in restoration efforts. J Shellfish Res 27:1117–1124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carnegie RB, Stokes NA, Audemard C, Bishop MJ, Wilbur AE, Alphin TD, Posey MH, Peterson CH, Burreson EM (2008) Strong seasonality of Bonamia sp. infection and induced Crassostrea ariakensis mortality in Bogue and Masonboro Sounds, North Carolina, USA. J Invertebr Pathol 98:335–343

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dégremont L (2011) Evidence of herpesvirus (OsHV-1) resistance in juvenile Crassostrea gigas selected for high resistance to the summer mortality phenomenon. Aquaculture 317:94–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dégremont L (2013) Size and genotype affect resistance to mortality caused by OsHV-1 in Crassostrea gigas. Aquaculture 416–417:129–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dégremont L, Bédier E, Boudry P (2010a) Summer mortality of hatchery-produced Pacific oyster spat (Crassostrea gigas). II. Response to selection for survival and its influence on growth and yield. Aquaculture 299:21–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dégremont L, Boudry P, Ropert M, Samain J-F, Bédier E, Soletchnik P (2010b) Effects of age and environment on survival of summer mortality by two selected groups of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Aquaculture 299:44–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dégremont L, Soletchnick P, Boudry P (2010c) Summer mortality of selected juvenile Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas under laboratory conditions and comparison with field performance. J Shellfish Res 29:847–856

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dégremont L, Guyader T, Tourbiez D, Pépin JF (2013) Is horizontal transmission of the ostreid herpesvirus OsHV-1 in Crassostrea gigas affected by unselected or selected survival status in adults to juveniles. Aquaculture 408–409:51–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Dundon WG, Arzul I, Omnes E, Robert M, Magnabosco C, Zambon M, Gennari L, Toffan A, Terregino C, Capua I, Arcangeli G (2011) Detection of Type 1 ostreid herpes variant (OsHV-1 μvar) with no associated mortality in French-origin Pacific cupped oyster Crassostrea gigas farmed in Italy. Aquaculture 314:49–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EFSA (2010) Scientific opinion on the increased mortality events in Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas. EFSA J 8:1894–1953

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford S, Scarpa E, Bushek D (2012) Spatial and temporal variability of disease refuges in an estuary: implications for the development of resistance. J Mar Res 70:253–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia C, Thébault A, Dégremont L, Arzul I, Miossec L, Robert M, Chollet B, Francois C, Joly J-P, Ferrand S, Kerdudou N, Renault T (2011) Ostreid herpesvirus 1 detection and relationship with Crassostrea gigas spat mortality in France between 1998 and 2006. Vet Res 42:73

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goulletquer P, Le Moine O (2002) Shellfish farming and coastal zone management (CZM) development in the Marennes-Oleron Bay and Charentais Sounds (Charente Maritime, France): a review of recent developments. Aquacult Int 10:507–525

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guichard B, François C, Joly JP, Garcia C, Saulnier D, Pépin JF, Arzul I, Ommes E, Tourbiez D, Faury N, Haffner P, Chollet B, Robert M, Renault T (2011) Bilan 2010 du réseau REPAMO. Rapport IFREMER

  • Jenkins C, Hick P, Gabor M, Spiers Z, Fell S, Gu X, Read A, Go J, Dove M, O’Connor W, Kirkland P, Frances J (2013) Identification and characterisation of an ostreid herpesvirus-1 microvariant (OsHV-1 μ-var) in Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oysters) in Australia. Dis Aquat Org 105:109–126

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lacoste A, Jalabert F, Malham S, Cueff A, Gelebart F, Cordevant C, Lange M (2001) A Vibrio splendidus strain is associated with summer mortality of juvenile oysters Crassostrea gigas in the Bay of Morlaix (North Brittany, France). Dis Aquat Org 46:139–145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Deuff R-M, Nicolas J-L, Renault T, Cochennec N (1994) Experimental transmission of a herpes-like virus to axenic larvae of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 14:69–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Deuff R-M, Renault T, Gerard A (1996) Effects of temperature on herpes-like virus detection among hatchery-reared larval Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Dis Aquat Org 24:149–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Roux F, Gay M, Lambert C, Waechter M, Poubalanne S, Chollet B, Nicolas JL, Berthe F (2002) Comparative analysis of Vibrio splendidus-related strains isolated during Crassostrea gigas mortality events. Aquat Living Resour 15:251–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Littell RC, Stroup WW, Freund RJ (2002) SAS® for linear models, 4th edn. SAS Institute Inc, Cary

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch SA, Carlsson J, Reilly AO, Cotter E, Culloty SC (2012) A previously undescribed ostreid herpes virus 1 (OsHV-1) genotype detected in the pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Ireland. Parasitology 139:1526–1532

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martenot C, Fourour S, Oden E, Jouaux A, Travaille E, Malas JP, Houssin M (2012) Detection of the OsHV-1 μVar in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas before 2008 in France and description of two new microvariants of the ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1). Aquaculture 338:293–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oden E, Martenot C, Berthaux M, Travaille E, Malas JP, Houssin M (2011) Quantification of ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) in Crassostrea gigas by real-time PCR: determination of a viral load threshold to prevent summer mortalities. Aquaculture 317:27–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul-Pont I, Dhand N, Whittington R (2013) Influence of husbandry practices on OsHV-1 associated mortality of Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas. Aquaculture 412–413:202–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peeler EJ, Allan Reese R, Cheslett DL, Geoghegan F, Power A, Thrush MA (2012) Investigation of mortality in Pacific oysters associated with ostreid herpesvirus-1 μVar in the Republic of Ireland in 2009. Prev Vet Med 105:136–143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pépin JF, Riou A, Renault T (2008) Rapid and sensitive detection of ostreid herpesvirus 1 in oyster samples by real-time PCR. J Virol Methods 149:269–276

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pernet F, Barret J, Le Gall P, Corporeau C, Dégremont L, Lagarde F, Pépin JF, Keck N (2012) Mass mortalities of Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas reflect infectious diseases and vary with farming practices in the Mediterranean Thau lagoon, France. Aquac Environ Interact 2:215–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petton B, Pernet F, Robert R, Boudry P (2013) Temperature influence on pathogen transmission and subsequent mortalities in juvenile Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas. Aquacult Env Interac 3:257–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renault T, Le Deuff RM, Chollet B, Cochennec N, Gerard A (2000) Concomitant herpes-like virus infections in hatchery-reared larvae and nursery-cultured spat Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea edulis. Dis Aquat Org 42:173–183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rohfritsch A, Bierne N, Boudry P, Heurtebise S, Cornette F, Lapègue S (2013) Population genomics shed light on the demographic and adaptive histories of European invasion in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Evol Appl 6:1064–1078

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roque A, Carrasco N, Andree KB, Lacuesta B, Elandaloussi L, Gairin I, Rodgers CJ, Furones MD (2012) First report of OsHV-1 microvar in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) cultured in Spain. Aquaculture 324:303–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sauvage C, Pépin JF, Lapègue S, Boudry P, Renault T (2009) Ostreid herpes virus 1 infection in families of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, during a summer mortality outbreak: differences in viral DNA detection and quantification using real-time PCR. Virus Res 142:181–187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schikorski D, Faury N, Pepin JF, Saulnier D, Tourbiez D, Renault T (2011) Experimental ostreid herpesvirus 1 infection of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas: kinetics of virus DNA detection by q-PCR in seawater and in oyster samples. Virus Res 155:28–34

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segarra A, Pépin JF, Arzul I, Morga B, Faury N, Renault T (2010) Detection and description of a particular ostreid herpesvirus 1 genotype associated with massive mortality outbreaks of Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, in France in 2008. Virus Res 153:92–99

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • SMEL (2012) Suivi Sentinelle Interrégional. Bulletin no. 5. Syndicat Mixte pour l’Equipement du Littoral. http://www.smel.fr/iso_album/bulletin_5_interegional.pdf

  • Webb SC, Fidler A, Renault T (2007) Primers for PCR-based detection of ostreid herpes virus-1 (OsHV-1): application in a survey of New Zealand molluscs. Aquaculture 272:126–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We want to thank the hatchery, nursery, and genetic teams of the Laboratory Genetics and Pathology, IFREMER La Tremblade and IFREMER Bouin, for their assistance in oyster production, in particular Christophe Ledu, Max Nourry and Tanguy Guyader. This work was funded by the Contrat de Projet Etat Région Poitou–Charentes, 2007–2013, Convention n008/RPC-A-29 du 19 mai 2008.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ifremer, SG2M, LGPMM, Avenue Mus de Loup, 17390, La Tremblade, France

    Lionel Degremont & Abdellah Benabdelmouna

Authors
  1. Lionel Degremont
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Abdellah Benabdelmouna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lionel Degremont.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Degremont, L., Benabdelmouna, A. Mortality associated with OsHV-1 in spat Crassostrea gigas: role of wild-caught spat in the horizontal transmission of the disease. Aquacult Int 22, 1767–1781 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-014-9781-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-014-9781-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation