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Anticancer potential of pyrrole (1, 2, a) pyrazine 1, 4, dione, hexahydro 3-(2-methyl propyl) (PPDHMP) extracted from a new marine bacterium, Staphylococcus sp. strain MB30

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Abstract

Marine bacterium, strain MB30 isolated from the deep sea sediment of Bay of Bengal, India, exhibited antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. Based on the 16S rRNA sequence homology and subsequent phylogenetic tree analysis, the strain MB30 was identified as Staphylococcus sp. The bioactive metabolite produced by the strain MB30 was purified through silica gel column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Purified metabolite was further characterized by FT-IR, LC–MS and NMR analyses. On the basis of spectroscopic data, the metabolite was identified as pyrrole (1, 2, a) pyrazine 1, 4, dione, hexahydro 3-(2-methyl propyl) (PPDHMP). The PPDHMP exhibited in vitro anticancer potential against lung (A549) and cervical (HeLa) cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with the IC50 concentration of 19.94 ± 1.23 and 16.73 ± 1.78 μg ml−1 respectively. The acridine orange (AO)/ethidium bromide (EB) and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) staining of the IC50 concentration of PPDHMP-treated cancer cells exhibited an array of morphological changes such as nuclear condensation, cell shrinkage and formation of apoptotic bodies. The PPDHMP-treated cancer cells induced the progressive accumulation of fragmented DNA in a time-dependent manner. Based on the flow cytometric analysis, it has become evident that the compound was also effective in arresting the cell cycle at G1 phase. Further, the Western blotting analysis confirmed the down-regulation of cyclin-D1, cyclin dependent kinase (CDK-2), anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL), activation of caspase-9 and 3 with the cleavage of PARP. The PPDHMP-treated cancer cells also showed the inhibition of migration and invasive capacity of cancer cells. In the present investigation, for the first time, we have reported the extraction, purification and characterization of an anticancer metabolite, PPDHMP from a new marine bacterium, Staphylococcus sp. strain MB30.

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Abbreviations

AO:

Acridine orange

Bax:

Bcl-2 associated X-protein

Bcl-2:

B-cell lymphoma 2

CDK:

Cyclin dependent kinases

DMEM:

Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium

RPMI:

Rosewell park memorial institute

EB:

Ethidium bromide

FBS:

Fetal bovine serum

MTT:

3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide

PPDHMP:

Pyrrole (1, 2, a) pyrazine 1, 4, dione, hexahydro 3-(2-methyl propyl)

DAPI:

4,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride

MHA:

Muller–Hinton agar

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Prof. N. Mathivanan, Director, Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras for providing marine sediment sample and also, acknowledge the facilities provided through DST-FIST and UGC-Special Assistant Programme (SAP) coordinated by Prof. N. Sakthivel.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, 605014, India

    P. Lalitha, V. Veena, P. Vidhyapriya & N. Sakthivel

  2. Centre for Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India

    Pragna Lakshmi & R. Krishna

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  1. P. Lalitha
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  2. V. Veena
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Correspondence to N. Sakthivel.

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Lalitha, P., Veena, V., Vidhyapriya, P. et al. Anticancer potential of pyrrole (1, 2, a) pyrazine 1, 4, dione, hexahydro 3-(2-methyl propyl) (PPDHMP) extracted from a new marine bacterium, Staphylococcus sp. strain MB30. Apoptosis 21, 566–577 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-016-1221-x

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