Abstract
Epirubicin (EPI) is widely used for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), but a substantial number of patients develop EPI resistance that is associated with poor outcome. The underlying mechanism for EPI resistance remains poorly understood. We have developed and characterized an EPI-resistant (EPI-R) cell line from parental MDA-MB-231 cells. These EPI-R cells reached stable growth in the medium containing 8 μg/ml of EPI. They overexpressed P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and contained numerous autophagic vacuoles. The suppression of P-gp overexpression and/or autophagy restored the sensitivity of these EPI-R cells to EPI. We further show that autophagy conferred resistance to EPI on MDA cells by blocking the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)-mediated pro-apoptotic signals. Together, these results reveal a synergistic role of P-gp, autophagy, and NF-κB pathways in the development of EPI resistance in TNBC cells. They also suggest that blocking the P-gp overexpression and autophagy may be an effective means of reducing EPI resistance.
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Notes
The MDA-MB-231/EPI cell line used in this study was patented in accordance with Goub Company Ltd., Beijing, China on May 4, 2014 (Case #: 201410183516.4). This cell line was preserved in China Center for Type Culture Collection (CCTCC), NO: C201439.
Abbreviations
- ABC transporter:
-
ATP-binding cassette transporter
- ADM:
-
Adriamycin
- BCL2:
-
B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2
- BCRP:
-
Breast cancer resistance protein
- BECN1:
-
Beclin 1
- CQ:
-
Chloroquine
- EPI:
-
Epirubicin
- EPI-R cell:
-
EPI-resistant MDA-MB-231 cell
- ER:
-
Estrogen receptor
- FBS:
-
Fetal bovine serum
- FCM:
-
Flow cytometry
- GST:
-
Glutathione transferase
- HER2:
-
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- MAP1-LC3 or LC3:
-
Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- MDA cell:
-
MDA-MB-231 cell
- MDC:
-
Monodansylcadaverine
- MRP1:
-
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1
- MTT:
-
3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- PBS:
-
Phosphate-buffered saline
- PDTC:
-
Ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate
- P-gp:
-
P-glycoprotein
- PR:
-
Progesterone receptor
- PVDF:
-
Polyvinylidene fluoride
- qRT-PCR:
-
Quantitative real-time PCR
- Rh123:
-
Rhodamine 123
- RI:
-
Resistance index
- RT-PCR:
-
Reverse transcription PCR
- SDS:
-
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SDS-PAGE:
-
SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- TBST:
-
Tris-buffered saline-Tween 20
- TEM:
-
Transmission electron microscopy
- TNBC:
-
Triple negative breast cancer
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Acknowledgments
This research work was supported by National Science Foundation of China Grant 81372575 (ML), Science and Technology Support Program of Gansu Province Grant 1204FKCA172 (ML), the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University grant IRT1137 (ML), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities grant lzujbky-2015-162 (CYW) and the National Institute of Health Grants HL71895 and HL085769 (JFD).
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Zhang, Lh., Yang, Aj., Wang, M. et al. Enhanced autophagy reveals vulnerability of P-gp mediated epirubicin resistance in triple negative breast cancer cells. Apoptosis 21, 473–488 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-016-1214-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-016-1214-9