Skip to main content
Log in

A 20-Site Comparison of Transition-in-Place Versus Traditional Transitional Housing Programs

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Transition-in-Place (TIP) is a housing model being piloted in the veterans affairs transitional housing program, Grant & Per Diem (GPD). This observational 20-site study compares characteristics and outcomes of 488 clients in TIP and 10,388 clients in traditional GPD programs. TIP participants were younger, better educated, healthier, and reported higher employment income than traditional GPD participants. Adjusting for these differences, TIP participants were more likely to have their own housing and reported higher employment and public support income at program exit, although the differences were small. These results inform use of the TIP model as a public health intervention.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baker, C. K., Niolon, P. H., & Oliphant, H. (2009). A descriptive analysis of transitional housing programs for survivors of intimate partner violence in the United States. Violence Against Women, 15(4), 460–481.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barrow, S. M., & Zimmer, R. (1999). Transitional housing and services: A synthesis. In L. B. Fosburg & D. L. Dennis (Eds.), Practical lessons: The 1998 national symposium on homelessness research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassuk, E. L., & Geller, S. (2006). The role of housing and services in ending family homelessness. Housing Policy Debate, 17(4), 781–806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burt, M. R. (2006). Characteristics of transitional housing for homeless families: Final report. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, R. L. (2000). Toward self-sufficiency: Evaluating a transitional housing program for homeless families. Policy Studies Journal, 28(2), 402–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, B. W., Mayberry, L. S., Shinn, M., & Khadduri, J. (2014). Leaving homelessness behind: Housing decisions among families exiting shelter. Housing Policy Debate, 24(2), 364–386.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kertesz, S. G., Crouch, K., Milby, J. B., Cusimano, R. E., & Schumacher, J. E. (2009). Housing first for homeless persons with active addiction: Are we overreaching? Milbank Quarterly, 87(2), 495–534.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leff, H. S., Chow, C. M., Pepin, R., Conley, J., Allen, I. E., & Seaman, C. A. (2009). Does one size fit all? What we can and can’t learn from a meta-analysis of housing models for persons with mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 60, 473–482.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thoemmes, F., & Kim, E. S. (2011). A systematic review of propensity score methods in the social sciences. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46(1), 90–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, J. (2014). Timing and momentum in VA’s path toward housing first. Psychiatric Services, 65(6), 836.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, J., Kasprow, W. J., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2013). Latent homeless risk profiles of a national sample of homeless veterans and their relation to program referral and admission patterns. American Journal of Public Health, 103(Suppl 2), S239–S247.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, J., Rosenheck, R. A., Kasprow, W. J., & McGuire, J. F. (2012). Sobriety as an admission criterion for transitional housing: A multi-site comparison of programs with a sobriety requirement to programs with no sobriety requirement. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 125(3), 223–229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2007). Defining chronic homelessness: A technical guide for HUD programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2012a). Fund availability under VA’s homeless providers Grant and Per Diem Program. Federal Register, 77(41), 12647–12649.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2012b). Transition in Place (TIP) per diem only recipient guide. http://www.va.gov/HOMELESS/docs/GPD/PDO_Transition_in_Place_Guide_09192012.pdf.

  • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2015a). Funding availability under VA’s homeless providers Grants and Per Diem Program. Federal Register, 80(11), 2483–2485.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2015b). VA launches community-based employment service for homeless veterans. Retrieved June 16, 2015, from http://www.va.gov/opa/pressrel/pressrelease.cfm?id=2709.

  • U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness. (2014). Proposed fiscal year 2015 budget fact sheet: Homelessness assistance. Washington, DC: U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel, S. L., Bakhtiar, L., Caskey, N. H., Hardie, E., Redford, C., Sadler, N., et al. (1995). Homeless veterans’ utilization of medical, psychiatric, and substance abuse services. Medical Care, 33(11), 1132–1144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zerger, S., Francombe Pridham, K., Jeyaratnam, J., Connelly, J., Hwang, S. W., O’Campo, P., et al. (2014). The role and meaning of interim housing in housing first programs for people experiencing homelessness and mental illness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(4), 431–437.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jack Tsai.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tsai, J., Kasprow, W.J., Quarles, J.L. et al. A 20-Site Comparison of Transition-in-Place Versus Traditional Transitional Housing Programs. Adm Policy Ment Health 44, 747–755 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-016-0756-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-016-0756-z

Keywords

Navigation