Skip to main content
Log in

Contracting and Procurement for Evidence-Based Interventions in Public-Sector Human Services: A Case Study

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Sustainment of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) in human services depends on the inner context of community-based organizations (CBOs) that provide services and the outer context of their broader environment. Increasingly, public officials are experimenting with contracting models from for-profit industries to procure human services. In this case study, we conducted qualitative interviews with key government and CBO stakeholders to examine implementation of the Best Value-Performance Information Procurement System to contract for EBIs in a child welfare system. Findings suggest that stakeholder relationships may be compromised when procurement disregards local knowledge, communication, collaboration, and other factors supporting EBIs and public health initiatives.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aarons, G. A., Ehrhart, M. G., Farahnak, L. R., & Sklar, M. (2014a). Aligning leadership across systems and organizations to develop a strategic climate for evidence-based practice implementation. Annual Review of Public Health, 35, 255–274. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182447.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Aarons, G. A., Fettes, D. L., Sommerfeld, D. H., & Palinkas, L. A. (2012). Mixed methods for implementation research: Application to evidence-based practice implementation and staff turnover in community-based organizations providing child welfare services. Child Maltreatment, 17(1), 67–79. doi:10.1177/1077559511426908.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aarons, G. A., Green, A. E., Willging, C. E., Ehrhart, M. G., Roesch, S. C., Hecht, D. B., et al. (2014). Mixed-method study of a conceptual model of evidence-based intervention sustainment across multiple public-sector service settings. Implementation Science, 9(1), 183. doi:10.1186/s13012-014-0183-z. Retrieved from http://www.implementationscience.com/content/9/1/183.

  • Aarons, G. A., Hurlburt, M., & Horwitz, S. M. (2011). Advancing a conceptual model of evidence-based practice implementation in public service sectors. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 38(1), 4–23. doi:10.1007/s10488-010-0327-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amirkhanyan, A. A., Kim, H. J., & Lambright, K. T. (2012). Closer than “Arms Length”: Understanding the factors associated with collaborative contracting. The American Review of Public Administration, 42(3), 341–366. doi:10.1177/0275074011402319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruns, E. J., Hoagwood, K. E., Rivard, J. C., Wotring, J., Marsenich, L., & Carter, B. (2008). State implementation of evidence-based practice for youths, Part II: Recommendations for research and policy. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(5), 499–504. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181684557.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bunger, A. C., Collins-Camargo, C., McBeath, B., Chuang, E., Perez-Jolles, M., & Wells, R. (2014). Collaboration, competition, and co-opetition: Interorganizational dynamics between private child welfare agencies and child serving sectors. Children and Youth Services Review, 38, 113–122. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.01.017.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Butterfoss, F. D. (2007). Coalitions and partnerships in community health. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaffin, M., & Friedrich, B. (2004). Evidence-based treatments in child abuse and neglect. Children and Youth Services Review, 26, 1097–1113. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.08.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins-Camargo, C., Armstrong, M. I., McBeath, B., & Chuang, E. (2013). Promoting cross-sector partnerships in child welfare: Qualitative results from a five-state strategic planning process. Child Welfare, 92(1), 33–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins-Camargo, C., McBeath, B., & Ensign, K. (2011). Privatization and performance-based contracting in child welfare: Recent trends and implications for social service administrators. Administration in Social Work, 35(5), 494–516. doi:10.1080/03643107.2011.614531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Damschroder, L. J., Aron, D. C., Keith, R. E., Kirsh, S. R., Alexander, J. A., & Lowery, J. C. (2009). Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: A consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implementation Science, 4(50). doi:10.1186/1748-5908-4-50. Retrieved from http://www.implementationscience.com/content/4/1/50.

  • Dawes, S. S., & Eglene, O. (2004, May). New models of collaboration for delivering government services: A dynamic model drawn from multi-national research. Paper presented at the 5th Annual Digital Government Research Conference of the Digital Government Society of North America, Seattle, WA.

  • Eggers, W. D., & O’Leary, J. (1995). Revolution at the roots: Making our government smaller, better and closer to home. New York, NY: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Embry, R. A., Buddenhagen, P., & Bolles, S. (2000). Managed care and child welfare: Challenges to implementation. Children and Youth Services Review, 22(2), 93–116. doi:10.1016/S0190-7409(00)00068-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feagin, J. R., Orum, A. M., & Sjoberg, G. (Eds.). (1991). A case for the case study. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flaherty, C., Collins-Camargo, C., & Lee, E. (2008). Privatization of child welfare services: Lessons learned from experienced states regarding site readiness assessment and planning. Children and Youth Services Review, 30(7), 809–820. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.12.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhalgh, T., Robert, G., MacFarlane, F., Bate, P., & Kyriakidou, O. (2004). Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: Systematic review and recommendations. Milbank Quarterly, 82(4), 581–629. doi:10.1111/j.0887-378X.2004.00325.x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gronbjerg, K. A. (2001). The U.S. nonprofit human service sector: A creeping revolution. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 30(20), 276–297. doi:10.1177/0899764001302006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hood, C. (2002). The risk game and the blame game. Government and Opposition, 37(1), 15–37. doi:10.1111/1477-7053.00085.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horwath, J., & Morrison, T. (2007). Collaboration, integration and change in children’s services: Critical issues and key ingredients. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31(1), 55–69. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.01.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, S. M., Chamberlain, P., Landsverk, J., & Mullican, C. (2010). Improving the mental health of children in child welfare through the implementation of evidence-based parenting interventions. Administration and Policy In Mental Health, 37(1–2), 27–39. doi:10.1007/s10488-010-0274-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurlburt, M., Aarons, G. A., Fettes, D. L., Willging, C. E., Gunderson, L., & Chaffin, M. J. (2014). Interagency collaborative team model for capacity building to scale-up evidence-based practice. Children and Youth Services Review, 39, 160–168. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.10.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, J. M., & Romzek, B. S. (2008). Social welfare contracts as networks: The impact of network stability on management and performance. Administration & Society, 40(2), 115–146. doi:10.1177/0095399707312826.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kashiwagi, D. (2011). Case study: Best value procurement/performance information procurement system development. Journal for the Advancement of Performance Information and Value, 3(1), 12–45. Retrieved from http://pbsrg.com/publications/papers/case-study-best-value-procurement-performance-information-procurement-system-development/.

  • Kashiwagi, D. (2013a). Best value approach [PowerPoint Slides]. Retrieved from http://www.efcanet.org/Portals/EFCA/EFCA%20files/PDF/BVP%20Workshop_2013-01-07_Kashiwagy_Industry-Structure-BV-Approach_presentation.pdf.

  • Kashiwagi, D. (2013b). Paradigm shift [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.efcanet.org/Portals/EFCA/EFCA%20files/PDF/BVP%20Workshop_2013-01-07_Kashiwagy_Industry-Structure-BV-Approach_presentation.pdf.

  • Kashiwagi, D. (2014). Bridging program procurement [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from http://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/NIGP/32e1c24f-2281-4b56-aac5-7c1f193d794a/UploadedImages/2014Presentations/Bridging%20Program%20Procurement%20Dean%20Kashiwagi.pdf.

  • Kashiwagi, D., Kashiwagi, J., Smithwick, J., & Kashiwagi, I. (2012, August). Changing the paradigm. In the proceedings of the 5th International Public Procurement Conference (pp.1074-1095). Retrieved from http://www.ippa.org/IPPC5/Proceedings/Part4/PAPER4-9.pdf.

  • Kettl, D. F. (1993). Sharing power: Public governance and private markets. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, E., Allen, T., & Metz, A. R. (2006). National quality improvement center on the privatization of child welfare services targeted literature review on performance based contracting and quality assurance. Lexington, KY: Quality Improvement Center on the Privatization of Child Welfare Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCullough C., & Lee, E. (2007). Program and fiscal design elements of child welfare privatization initiatives. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from: http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/07/cwpi/models/.

  • Martin, L. L. (2003). Performance-based contracting (PBC) for human services: A review of the literature (monograph). Orlando, FL: Center for Community Partnerships, University of Central Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • McBeath, B., & Meezan, W. (2010). Governance in motion: Service provision and child welfare outcomes in a performance-based, managed care contracting environment. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 20(suppl 1), i101–i123. doi:10.1093/jopart/mup037.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milward, H. B., & Provan, K. (2003). Managing the hollow state: Collaboration and contracting. Public Management Review, 5(1), 1–18. doi:10.1080/1461667022000028834.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minkler, M., & Wallerstein, N. (2008). Community-based participatory research for health (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novins, D. K., Green, A. E., Legha, R. K., & Aarons, G. A. (2013). Dissemination and implementation of evidence-based practices for child and adolescent mental health: A systematic review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(10), 1009–1025. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.07.012.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Office of Management and Budget. (1998). A guide for best practices for performance-based service contracting. Washington, DC: Office of Federal Procurement Policy. Retrieved from: http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/procurement_guide_pbsc.

  • Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research and evaluation methods: Integrating theory and methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulsell, D., Del, G. P., & Supplee, L. (2014). Supporting replication and scale-up of evidence-based home visiting programs: Assessing the implementation knowledge base. American Journal of Public Health, 104(9), 1624–1632. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301962.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • QSR International. (2012). NVivo qualitative data analysis software (Version 10).

  • Romzek, B. S., & Johnston, J. M. (2002). Effective contract implementation and management: A preliminary model. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 12(3), 423–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, M. G. (2000). Public or private children’s services? Privatization in retrospect. Social Service Review, 74(2), 281–305. doi:10.1086/514480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roussos, S. T., & Fawcett, S. B. (2000). A review of collaborative partnerships as a strategy for improving community health. Annual Review of Public Health, 21, 369–402. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.21.1.369.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selby, J. V., Beal, A. C., & Frank, L. (2012). The Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) national priorities for research and initial research agenda. JAMA, 307(15), 1583–1584. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.500.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. R. (1996). Transforming public services: Contracting for social and health services in the US. Public Administration, 74(1), 113–127. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1996.tb00860.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. R. (2010). The political economy of contracting and competition. In Y. Hasenfeld (Ed.), Human services as complex organizations (2nd ed., pp. 139–160). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. R., & Lipsky, M. (1993). Non-profits for hire: The welfare state in the age of contracting. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. R., & Smyth, J. (1996). Contracting for services in a decentralized system. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 6(2), 277–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Slyke, D. M. (2003). The mythology of privatization in contracting for social services. Public Administration Review, 63(2), 296–315. doi:10.1111/1540-6210.00291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Slyke, D. M. (2007). Agents or stewards: Using theory to understand the government-nonprofit social service contracting relationship. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 17(2), 157–187. doi:10.1093/jopart/mul012. Retrieved from http://jpart.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/2/157.abstract.

  • Weiss, E. S., Anderson, R. M., & Lasker, R. D. (2002). Making the most of collaboration: Exploring the relationship between partnership synergy and partnership functioning. Health Education and Behavior, 29(6), 683–698. doi:10.1177/109019802237938.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willging, C. E., Green, A. E., Gunderson, L., Chaffin, M., & Aarons, G. A. (2015). From a “Perfect Storm” to “Smooth Sailing”: Policymaker perspectives on implementation and sustainment of an evidence-based practice in two states. Child Maltreatment, 20(1), 24–36. doi:10.1177/1077559514547384.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wulczyn, F., Barth, R. P., Yuan, Y. T., Harden, B. J., & Landsverk, J. (2005). Beyond common sense: Child welfare, child well-being, and the evidence for policy reform. Chicago, IL: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin, R. K. (2013). Case study research: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was funded by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH092950 and R01MH072961). We thank Laura Garrison for her contributions to this research. We dedicate this article to the memory of Dr. Mark Chaffin, our beloved colleague.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cathleen E. Willging.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Willging, C.E., Aarons, G.A., Trott, E.M. et al. Contracting and Procurement for Evidence-Based Interventions in Public-Sector Human Services: A Case Study. Adm Policy Ment Health 43, 675–692 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-015-0681-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-015-0681-6

Keywords

Navigation