Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Do users of risperidone who switch brands because of generic reference pricing fare better or worse than non-switchers? A New Zealand natural experiment

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study evaluated patient health outcomes and any impact on healthcare costs consequent to the implementation of generic reference-pricing of risperidone in New Zealand using national datasets. Reference pricing risperidone reduced the price of the originator brand by 50 % as well as overall expenditure on risperidone tablets. Half of all patients made a single switch to generic risperidone, with the remainder making multiple switches between brands. 1.5 % made a switch-back to the originator brand. No difference was found in use of healthcare services between switchers and non-switchers of the originator brand or versus the comparator group. This refutes the available literature on brand-to-generic and generic-to-generic switching.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Almond, S. et al. (2004) Relapse in schizophrenia: Costs, clinical outcomes and quality of life. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 346–351.

  • Babar, Z. U., Grover, P., Stewart, J., Hogg, M., Short, L., Seo, H. G., Rew, A. (2011). Evaluating pharmacists’ views, knowledge, and perception regarding generic medicines in New Zealand. Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy: RSAP, 7(3), 294–305. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2010.06.004.

  • Baser, O., Palmer, L., & Stephenson, J. (2008). The estimation power of alternative comorbidity indices. Value in Health : The Journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research, 11(5), 946–955. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2008.00343.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boonleang, J., Pipatrattanaseree, W., Tanthana, C., & Mahatthanatrakul, W. (2010) Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic comparison of two 2-mg risperidone tablet formulations: A single dose, randomized-sequence, double-blind, 2-way crossover study in healthy male volunteers in Thailand. Clinical Therapeutics 32(10)1842–1853. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.09.013.

  • British, M. A., & Pharmaceutical Society of, G. B. (2014). British national formulary. London: British Medical Association: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 1966.

  • Carbon, M., & Correll, C. U. (2013) Rational use of generic psychotropic drugs. CNS Drugs, 275, 353–365. doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0045-2.

  • Christensen, T. P., Kirking, D. M., Ascione, F. J., Welage, L. S., & Gaither, C. A. (2001). Drug product selection: Legal issues. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Washington, D.C.: 1996), 41(6), 868–874.

  • Clark, D. O., Von Korff, M., Saunders, K., Baluch, W. M., & Simon, G. E. (1995). A chronic disease score with empirically derived weights. Medical Care, 33(8), 783–795.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costa-Font, J., Rudisill, C., & Tan, S. (2014). Brand loyalty, patients and limited generic medicines uptake. Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands), doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.01.015.

  • Craig, P., Cooper, C., Gunnell, D., Haw, S., Lawson, K., Macintyre, S., et al. (2012). Using natural experiments to evaluate population health interventions: New medical research council guidance. (theory and methods). Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66(12), 1182.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cumming, J., Mays, N., & Daubé, J. (2010). How New Zealand has contained expenditure on drugs. British Medical Journal, 340(7758), 1224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davit, B., Nwakama, P., Buehler, G., Conner, D., Haidar, S., Patel, D., et al. (2009). Comparing generic and innovator drugs: A review of 12 years of bioequivalence data from the united states food and drug administration. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 43(10), 1583–1597.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Groot, V., Beckerman, H., Lankhorst, G. J., & Bouter, L. M. (2003). How to measure comorbidity: A critical review of available methods. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 56(3), 221–229. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(02)00585-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desmarais, J. E., Beauclair, L., & Margolese, H. C. (2011). Switching from brand-name to generic psychotropic medications: A literature review. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 17(6), 750–760. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00210.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolder, C., & L. (2003). Interventions to improve antipsychotic medication adherence: Review of recent literature. doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000085413.08426.41.

  • DRUGDEX [electronic resource]. (2014). Englewood, CO: DRUGDEX. Last Accessed June.

  • Fishman, P. A., & Shay, D. K. (1999). Development and estimation of a pediatric chronic disease score using automated pharmacy data. Medical Care, 37(9), 874–883.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • George, J., Vuong, T., Bailey, M. J., Kong, D. C., Marriott, J. L., & Stewart, K. (2006). Development and validation of the medication-based disease burden index. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 40(4), 645–650. doi:10.1345/aph.1G204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardan, A. Y., Fung, L. K., & Amin, H. (2010). Risperidone: Switching from brand name to generic. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 20(5), 457–458. doi:10.1089/cap.2010.0013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huntley, A. L., Johnson, R., Purdy, S., Valderas, J. M., & Salisbury, C. (2012). Measures of multimorbidity and morbidity burden for use in primary care and community settings: A systematic review and guide. Annals of Family Medicine, 10(2), 134–141. doi:10.1370/afm.1363.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, M., Mangalore, R., & Simon, J. (2004). The global costs of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin, 30(2), 279.

  • Liu, Y., Zhang, M. Q., Jia, J. Y., Liu, Y. M., Liu, G. Y., Li, S. J., et al. (2013). Bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic evaluation of two formulations of risperidone 2 mg : An open-label, single-dose, fasting, randomized-sequence, two-way crossover study in healthy male Chinese volunteers. Drugs in R&D, 13(1), 29–36. doi:10.1007/s40268-012-0002-4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Management Sciences for Health. (2013). The international drug price indicator guide. Cambridge: Management Sciences for Health (MSH).

  • New Zealand Government. (2011). Medicines Regulations 1984. Retrieved form http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/1984/0143/latest/DLM96539.html.

  • Morgan, S., Hanley, G., McMahon, M., & Barer, M. (2007). Influencing drug prices through formulary-based policies: Lessons from New Zealand. Healthcare Policy = Politiques De. Sante, 3(1), e121–e140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuss, P., Taylor, D., De Hert, M., & Hummer, M. (2004). The generic alternative in schizophrenia: Opportunity or threat? CNS Drugs, 18(12), 769–775.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Day, K., Rajagopalan, K., Meyer, K., Pikalov, A., & Loebel, A. (2013). Long-term cost-effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of adults with schizophrenia in the US. ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research: CEOR, 5, 459–470. doi:10.2147/CEOR.S47990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, D. O. (1999). Adherence to antipsychotic medications. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roman, B. (2009). Patients’ attitudes towards generic substitution of oral atypical antipsychotics: A questionnaire-based survey in a hypothetical pharmacy setting. CNS Drugs, 23(8), 693–701. doi:10.2165/00023210-200923080-00006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salmond, C., & Crampton, P. (2012). Development of New Zealand’s deprivation index (NZDep) and its uptake as a national policy tool. Canadian Public Health Association, 103(Suppl. 2), 7–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneeweiss, S. et al. (2005). A review of uses of health care utilization databases for epidemiologic research on therapeutics doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.10.012.

  • Schneeweiss, S., & Avorn, J. (2005). A review of uses of health care utilization databases for epidemiologic research on therapeutics. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 58(4), 323–337. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.10.012.

  • The Pharmaceutical Management Agency. (2008). Consultation: Proposal for risperdal (risperidone). Retrieved May 20, 2014, Retrieved from http://www.pharmac.govt.nz/2008/06/25/Proposal%20for%20Risperdal,%20Concerta,%20Topamax,%20Eprex,%20Recormon.pdf.

  • The Pharmaceutical Management Agency. (2010a). In Pharmaceutical Management Agency (Ed.), Annual review 2009/10. Wellington: Pharmaceutical Management Agency.

  • The Pharmaceutical Management Agency. (2010b). Consultation: Proposal to apply reference pricing across different brands of risperidone. Retrieved May 20, 2014, Retrieved from http://www.pharmac.govt.nz/2010/02/15/2010-02-15%20PHARMAC%20consultation%20on%20reference%20pricing%20risperidone.pdf.

  • The Pharmaceutical Management Agency. (2011). In Pharmaceutical Management Agency (Ed.), Annual review 2010/11. Wellington: Pharmaceutical Management Agency.

  • The Pharmaceutical Management Agency. (2013). New Zealand pharmaceutical schedule. Wellington: The Pharmaceutical Management Agency.

  • The Pharmaceutical Management Agency. (2014). In Pharmaceutical Management Agency (Ed.), Annual review 2013. Wellington: Pharmaceutical Management Agency.

  • Tomlin, A., & Hall, J. (2004). Linking primary and secondary healthcare databases in New Zealand. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 117(1191), U816.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Treur, M., Heeg, B., Moller, H. J., Schmeding, A., & van Hout, B. (2009). A pharmaco-economic analysis of patients with schizophrenia switching to generic risperidone involving a possible compliance loss. BMC Health Services Research, 9, 32. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-9-32.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Os, S., Relleke, M., & Piniella, P. M. (2007). Lack of bioequivalence between generic risperidone oral solution and originator risperidone tablets. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 45(5), 293–299.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitry, A., Wong, S. A., Roughead, E. E., Ramsay, E., & Barratt, J. (2009). Validity of medication-based co-morbidity indices in the Australian elderly population. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 33(2), 126–130. doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2009.00357.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2008). The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 61(4), 344–349. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008.

  • Von Korff, M., Wagner, E. H., & Saunders, K. (1992). A chronic disease score from automated pharmacy data. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 45(2), 197–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitley, E., & Ball, J. (2002). Statistics review 4: Sample size calculations. Critical Care (London, England), 6(4), 335–341.

  • World Health Organization. (2011). Anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification system. Retrieved May 20, 2014, Retrieved from http://www.whocc.no/atc/structure_and_principles/.

  • Zhang, X., Zheng, N., Lionberger, R. A., & Yu, L. X. (2013). Innovative approaches for demonstration of bioequivalence: The US FDA perspective. Therapeutic Delivery, 4(6), 725–740. doi:10.4155/tde.13.41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Charon Lessing.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lessing, C., Ashton, T. & Davis, P. Do users of risperidone who switch brands because of generic reference pricing fare better or worse than non-switchers? A New Zealand natural experiment. Adm Policy Ment Health 42, 695–703 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-014-0606-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-014-0606-9

Keywords

Navigation