Abstract
In this paper, a new methodology for design of folded cascode (FC) and recycling folded cascode (RFC) OTAs based on 1/f noise reduction is presented. With a new formulation for input referred flicker noise based on Gm/Id characteristic in all operation regions significantly enhance of the noise performance is achieved. Also, this technique leads to the larger DC gain and gain-bandwidth, and phase margin degeneration. The amplifiers were simulated in the 0.18 μm CMOS technology and the simulation results confirm the theoretical analyses. Proposed design methodology exhibits 50 % reduction of input voltage noise @ 1 Hz for RFC compared to the FC amplifier, without increasing the power consumption and silicon area.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Thandri, B. K., & Silva-Martinez, J. (2003). A robust feedforward compensation scheme for multistage operational transconductance amplifiers with no Miller capacitors. Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal, 38, 237–243.
Assaad, R. S., & Silva-Martinez, J. (2009). The recycling folded cascode: A general enhancement of the folded cascode amplifier. Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal, 44, 2535–2542.
Akbari, M., & Hashemipour, O. (2014). Enhancing transconductance of ultra-low-power two-stage folded cascode OTA. Electronics Letters, 50, 1514–1516.
Assaad, R., & Silva-Martinez, J. (2007). Enhancing general performance of folded cascode amplifier by recycling current. Electronics Letters, 43, 1243–1244.
Miao, L.,Pui-In, M., Zushu, Y., and Martins, R.P. A high-voltage-enabled recycling folded cascode OpAmp for nanoscale CMOS technologies, in Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2011 IEEE International Symposium on (2011) (pp. 33–36).
Akbari, M., Biabanifard, S., Asadi, S., & Yagoub, M. C. E. (2014). Design and analysis of DC gain and transconductance boosted recycling folded cascode OTA. AEU—International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 68, 1047–1052.
Noulis, T., Siskos, S., & Sarrabayrouse, G. (2007). Comparison between BSIM4.X and HSPICE flicker noise models in NMOS and PMOS transistors in all operating regions. Microelectronics Reliability, 47, 1222–1227.
Hamid, N. H., Murray, A. F., & Roy, S. (2008). Time-domain modeling of low-frequency noise in deep-submicrometer MOSFET. Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, IEEE Transactions, 55, 245–257.
Mak, P.-I., Ma, C.-T., & Martins, R. P. (2012). A frequency-translation technique for low-noise ultra-low-cutoff lowpass filtering. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 72, 265–269.
Agnes, A., Cabrini, A., Maloberti, F., & Martini, G. (2007). Cancellation of amplifier offset and 1/f noise: An improved chopper stabilized technique. Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, IEEE Transactions, 54, 469–473.
Akbari, M., Biabanifard, S., Asadi, S., & Yagoub, M. E. (2015). High performance folded cascode OTA using positive feedback and recycling structure. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 82, 217–227.
Akbari, M., & Hashemipour, O. (2015). High gain and high CMRR two-stage folded cascode OTA with Nested Miller compensation. Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Computers, 24, 1550057.
Ou, J., & Ferreira, P. M. (2014). A Gm/Id-based noise optimization for CMOS folded-cascode operational amplifier. Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, IEEE Transactions, 61, 783–787.
Alvarez, E., Avila, D., Campillo, H., Dragone, A., & Abusleme, A. (2012). Noise in charge amplifier–A Gm/IdGm/Id approach. Nuclear Science, IEEE Transactions, 59, 2457–2462.
Akbari, M., Javid, A., and Hashemipour, O., A high input dynamic range, low voltage cascode current mirror and enhanced phase-margin folded cascode amplifier. In Electrical Engineering (ICEE), 2014 22nd Iranian Conference on (2014) (pp. 77–81).
Akbari, M., Biabanifard, S., and Hashemipour, O. Design of ultra-low-power CMOS amplifiers based on flicker noise reduction. In Electrical Engineering (ICEE), 2014 22nd Iranian Conference on (2014) (pp. 403–406).
Noulis, T., Siskos, S., and Sarrabayrouse, G. Effect of technology on the input transistor selection criteria of a low noise preamplifier. In Electrotechnical Conference, 2004. MELECON 2004. Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Mediterranean (2004) (vol 1, pp. 51–54).
Chan, P. K., Ng, L. S., Siek, L., & Lau, K. T. (2001). Designing CMOS folded-cascode operational amplifier with flicker noise minimisation. Microelectronics Journal, 32, 69–73.
Ou, J. Gm/Id based noise analysis for CMOS analog circuits. In Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), 2011 IEEE 54th International Midwest Symposium (2011) (pp. 1–4).
Vij, S., Gupta, A., & Mittal, A. (2014). An operational amplifier with recycling folded cascode topology and adaptive biaisng. International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS), 5, 33–46.
Dolatshahi, M., Hashemipour, O., & Navi, K. (2012). A new systematic design approach for low-power analog integrated circuits. AEU—International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 66, 384–389.
Alvarez, E., & Abusleme, A. (2012). Noise power normalisation: Extension of Gm/Id technique for noise analysis. Electronics Letters, 48, 430–432.
Ou, J., Ferreira, P., & Lee, J. (2014). Experimental demonstration of Gm/Id based noise analysis. Circuits and Systems, 5, 69–75. doi:10.4236/cs.2014.54009.
De Carvalho Ferreira, L.H., and Pimenta, T.C. The use of extracted BSIM3v3 MOS parameters for quick manual design. In Microelectronics, 2004. ICM 2004 Proceedings. The 16th International Conference (2004) (pp. 612–615).
Akbari, M., Hashemipour, O., and Javid, A. An ultra-low voltage, ultra-low power fully recycling folded cascode amplifier In Electrical Engineering (ICEE), 2014 22nd Iranian Conference (2014) (pp. 514–518).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Akbari, M., Hashemipour, O. Design and analysis of folded cascode OTAs using Gm/Id methodology based on flicker noise reduction. Analog Integr Circ Sig Process 83, 343–352 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10470-015-0535-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10470-015-0535-x