Abstract
Concealable stigmas are characteristics, attributes, or identities that can be hidden from others and are socially devalued and negatively stereotyped. While research exists on the psychological costs of having a concealable stigma, less exists on the somatic costs of having a concealable stigma and on clinical approaches with this population. Drawing on the Kestenberg Movement Profile, Bartenieff Fundamentals, and the Five Fundamental Actions, this article proposes how dance/movement therapy (DMT) can be an additional lens through which to understand how having a concealable stigma impacts a person, particularly on a somatic level. This article also outlines specific DMT interventions designed to increase embodiment and movement repertoire. The goals of these interventions are to lessen the somatic impact of having a concealable stigma and empower clients to have choice in the ways in which they present themselves in the world.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aposhyan, S. (1999). Natural intelligence: Body-mind integration and human development. Boulder, CO: NOW Press.
Aposhyan, S. (2004). Body-mind psychotherapy: Principles, techniques, and practical applications. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Bosson, J. K., Weaver, J. R., & Prewitt-Freilino, J. L. (2012). Concealing to belong, revealing to be known: Classification expectations and self-threats among persons with concealable stigmas. Self and Identity, 11(1), 114–135. doi:10.1080/15298868.1010.513508.
Brook, A. (2010). From conception to crawling: Foundations for developmental movement. Boulder, CO: Smart Body Books.
Brooks, D., & Stark, A. (1989). The effect of dance/movement therapy on affect: A pilot study. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 11(2), 101–112.
Brown, C. (2009). Moving into action: A case study of dance/movement therapy with the dually diagnosed in a methadone treatment program. In S. L. Brooke (Ed.), The use of the creative therapies with chemical dependency issues (pp. 187–203). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Caldwell, C. (1996). Getting our bodies back: Recovery, healing, and transformation through body-centered psychotherapy. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications Inc.
Caldwell, C. (2013). Diversity issues in movement observation and assessment. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 35(2), 183–200. doi:10.1007/s10465-013-9159-9.
Clare, E. (2001). Stolen bodies, reclaimed bodies: Disability and queerness. Public Culture, 13(3), 359–365.
Cohen, B. B. (1993). Sensing, feeling, and action: The experiential anatomy of body-mind centering. Northampton, MA: Contact Editions.
Cornell, A. W. (1996). The power of focusing: A practical guide to emotional self-healing. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications Inc.
Corrigan, P. W., & Kleinlein, P. (2005). The impact of mental illness stigma. In P. W. Corrigan (Ed.), On the stigma of mental illness: Practical strategies for research and social change (pp. 11–44). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In D. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindsey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 504–553). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
DePaulo, B. M. (1992). Nonverbal behavior and self-presentation. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 203–243.
Dosamantes, E. (1990). Movement and psychodynamic pattern changes in long-term dance/movement therapy groups. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 12(1), 27–44.
Eribon, D. (2004). Insult and the making of the gay self. (M. Lucey, Trans.). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Frable, D. E. S., Blackstone, T., & Scherbaum, C. (1990). Marginal and mindful: Deviants in social interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(1), 140–149.
Frable, D. E. S., Platt, L., & Hoey, S. (1998). Concealable stigmas and positive self-perceptions: Feeling better around similar others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), 909–992.
Frank, Z. (1997). Dance and expressive movement therapy: An effective treatment for a sexually abused man. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 19(1), 45–61.
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Gray, A. E. L. (2001). The body remembers: Dance/movement therapy with an adult survivor of torture. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 21(1), 29–43.
Hackney, P. (2002). Making connections: Total body integration through Bartenieff Fundamentals. New York: Routledge.
Henley, N. (1977). Body politics: Power, sex and non-verbal communication. Body politics: Power, sex, and nonverbal communication. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Herek, G. M. (1998). Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Herek, G. M., & Berrill, K. T. (1992). Hate crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., & Cogan, J. C. (2009). Internalized stigma among sexual minority adults: Insight from a social psychology perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(1), 32–43.
Jeong, Y. J., Hong, S. C., Lee, M., Park, M. C., Kim, Y. K., & Suh, C. M. (2005). Dance/movement therapy improves emotional responses and modulates neurohormones in adolescents with mild depression. International Journal of Neuroscience, 115(12), 1711–1720.
Johnson, R. (2009). Oppression embodied: The intersecting dimensions of trauma, oppression, and somatic psychology. The USA Body Psychotherapy Journal, 8(1), 19–31.
Jones, E. E., Farina, A., Hastorf, A. H., Markus, H., Miller, D. T., & Scott, A. S. (1984). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York, NY: Freeman.
Kestenberg Amighi, J., Loman, S., Lewis, P., & Sossin, K. M. (1999). The meaning of movement: developmental and clinical perspectives of the Kestenberg Movement Profile. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.
Koch, S., Kunz, T., Lykou, S., & Cruz, R. (2014). Effects of dance/movement therapy and dance on health-related psychological outcomes: A meta-analysis. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 41(1), 46–64. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2013.10.004.
Koch, S. C., Morlinghaus, K., & Fuchs, T. (2007). The joy dance: Specific effects of a single dance intervention on psychiatric patients with depression. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 34(4), 340–349.
Krantz, A. M. (1999). Growing into her body: Dance/movement therapy for women with eating disorders. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 21(2), 81–103.
Lane, J. D., & Wegner, D. M. (1995). The cognitive consequences of secrecy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(2), 237–253.
Leventhal, F., & Chang, M. (1991). Dance/movement therapy with battered women: A paradigm of action. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 13(2), 131–145.
Levy, F. (2005). Dance movement therapy: A healing art. Reston, CA: National Dance Association.
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385.
Loman, S. (2005). Dance/movement therapy. In C. A. Malchiodi (Ed.), Expressive therapies (pp. 68–89). New York: The Guilford Press.
Loman, S., & Merman, H. (1996). The KMP: A tool for dance/movement therapy. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 18(1), 29–52.
Lovell, S. M. (1993). An interview with Warren Lamb. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 15(1), 19–34.
Malchiodi, C. A. (2005). Expressive therapies: History, theory, and practice. In C. A. Malchiodi (Ed.), Expressive therapies (pp. 68–89). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
McCormick, L. A. (2006). Transcending homophobia: Shifting sexual prohibitions in dance/movement therapy. Unpublished master’s thesis, Naropa University, Boulder, CO.
Milliken, R. (1990). Dance/movement therapy with the substance abuser. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 17(4), 309–317.
Pachankis, J. E. (2007). The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: A cognitive-affective-behavioral model. Psychological Bulletin, 133(2), 328–345.
Padrão, M. J., & Coimbra, J. L. (2011). The anorectic dance: Towards a new understanding of inner-experience through psychotherapeutic movement. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 33(2), 131–147.
Pallaro, P. (1997). Culture, self and body-self: Dance/movement therapy with Asian Americans. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 24(3), 227–241.
Pallaro, P. (1999). Authentic movement: Essays by Mary Starks Whitehouse, Janet Adler and Joan Chodorow. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Persson, A., & Richards, W. (2008). From closet to heterotopia: A conceptual exploration of disclosure and ‘passing’ among heterosexuals living with HIV. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 10(1), 73–86.
Quinn, D. M. (2006). Concealable versus conspicuous stigmatized identities. In S. Levin & C. van Laar (Eds.), Stigma and group inequality: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 83–103). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Quinn, D. M., & Chaudoir, S. R. (2009). Living with a concealable stigmatized identity: The impact of anticipated stigma, centrality, salience, and cultural stigma on psychological distress and health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(4), 634–651.
Quinn, D. M., & Earnshaw, V. A. (2013). Concealable stigmatized identities and psychological well-being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(1), 40–51. doi:10.1111/spc3.12005.
Reicherzer, S. (2005). Coming out and living out across the life span. In D. Comstock (Ed.), Diversity and development: Critical contexts that shape our lives and relationships (pp. 161–184). Belmont: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Ritter, M., & Low, K. G. (1996). Effects of dance/movement therapy: A meta-analysis. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 23(3), 249–260.
Romero, E. F., Hurwitz, A. J., & Carranza, V. (1983). Dance therapy on a therapeutic community for schizophrenic patients. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 10(2), 85–92.
Schmais, C. (1985). Healing processes in group dance therapy. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 8(1), 17–36.
Schmais, C. (1998). Understanding the dance/movement therapy group. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 20(1), 23–35.
Sedlovskaya, A., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Eibach, R. P., LaFrance, M., Romero-Canyas, R., & Campu, N. P. (2013). Internalizing the closet: Concealment heightens the cognitive distinction between public and private selves. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(4), 695–715. doi:10.1037/a0031179.
Silberstein, S. (1987). Dance therapy and schizophrenia: Vision of the future. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 14(2), 143–152.
Smart, L., & Wegner, D. M. (1999). Covering up what can’t be seen: Concealable stigma and mental control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(3), 474–486. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.3.474.
Stern, D. N. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant: A view from psychoanalysis and developmental psychology. New York: Basic Books Inc.
Thomas, M. (1998). Estranged bodies and Vietnamese identities. Australian Journal of Anthropology, 9(1), 74–88.
Thomson, D. M. (1997). Dance/movement therapy with the dual-diagnosed: A vehicle to the self in the service of recovery. American Journal of Dance Therapy, 19(1), 63–79.
Whitehouse, M. S. (1999). Physical movement and personality. In P. Pallaro (Ed.), Authentic movement: Essays by Mary Starks Whitehouse, Janet Adler and Joan Chodorow (pp. 51–57). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Roberts, N.G. Embodying Self: A Dance/Movement Therapy Approach to Working with Concealable Stigmas. Am J Dance Ther 38, 63–80 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10465-016-9212-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10465-016-9212-6