Abstract
How can the perspectives, insights and interests of young children, under 6 years-old, be given status in processes of change? This paper will examine the contribution participatory and visual methods can make to enabling young children to document their experiences and to facilitate exchange with adults. Examples will be drawn from three research studies in educational settings which have developed a specific research method, the Mosaic approach (Clark and Moss 2001; Clark 2004; Clark 2005) which brings together visual and verbal research tools. This paper will discuss how researching with young children rather than on young children can redraw the boundaries between adults’ and children’s roles in the research process including the relationship with the research audience.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
This study was titled the ‘Modern Childhood in the Nordic Countries Project’ (BASUN).
A Reception class is the first year of compulsory schooling in England.
A Children’s Centre is an English government initiative to bring together services for families and children under 6 years old.
References
Burke, C. (2008). ‘Play in focus’: children’s visual voice in participative research. In P. Thomson (Ed.), Doing visual research with children and young people (pp. 23–36). London: Routledge.
Carr, M. (2000). Seeking children’s perspectives about their learning. In A. Smith, N. Taylor, & M. Gollop (Eds.), Children’s voices: Research, policy and practice (pp. 37–55). Auckland: Pearson Education.
Carr, W., & Kemmis, S. (1986). Becoming critical: Knowledge, education and action research. London: Falmer Press.
Chambers, R. (1997). Whose reality counts? Putting the last first. London: Intermediate Technology.
Christensen, P. (2004). Children’s participation in ethnographic research: Issues of power and representation. Children and Society, 18, 165–176.
Christensen, P., & James, A. (Eds.). (2008). Research with children: Perspectives and practices (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Clark, A. (2004). The Mosaic approach and research with young children. In V. Lewis, M. Kellett, C. Robinson, S. Fraser, & S. Ding (Eds.), The Reality of research with children and young people (pp. 142–161). London: Sage.
Clark, A. (2005). Ways of seeing: Using the Mosaic approach to listen to young children’s perspectives. In A. Clark, P. Moss, & A. Kjørholt (Eds.), Beyond listening: Children’s perspectives on early childhood services (pp. 29–49). Bristol: Policy Press.
Clark, A. (2007). Views from inside the shed: Young children’s perspectives of the outdoor environment. Education, 3–13, 35(4), 349–363.
Clark, A. (2008). Early childhood spaces: Involving young children and practitioners in the design process. Working Paper 43. The Hague: Bernard van leer Foundation.
Clark, A. (2010). Transforming children’s spaces: Children’s and adults’ participation in designing learning environments. London: Routledge.
Clark, A., & Moss, P. (2001). Listening to young children: The Mosaic approach. London: National Children’s Bureau.
Clark, A., & Moss, P. (2005). Spaces to play: More listening to young children using the Mosaic approach. London: National Children’s Bureau.
Cooke, B., & Kothari, U. (Eds.). (2001). Participation: the new tyranny?. London: Zed Books.
Einarrsdottir, J. (2005). Playschool in pictures: Children’s photographs as a research method. Early Child Development and Care, 175(6), 523–542.
Emond, R. (2005). Ethnographic research methods with children and young people. In S. Greene & D. Hogan (Eds.), Researching children’s experiences: Approaches and methods (pp. 123–139). London: Sage.
Fals-Borda, O. (2006). Participatory (action) research in social theory: Origins and challenges. In P. Reason & H. Bradbury (Eds.), Handbook of action research: Concise paperback edition (pp. 27–37). London: Sage.
Fine, M. (2007). A Brief history of the participatory action research collective. Participatory Action Research Collective. Retrieved from http://www.gc.cuny.edu/che/start.htm. Jan 29 2009.
Gaventa, J., & Cornwall, A. (2006). Power and knowledge. In P. Reason & H. Bradbury (Eds.), Handbook of action research: Concise paperback edition (pp. 71–82). London: Sage.
Greene, S., & Hill, M. (2005). Researching children’s experience: Methods and methodological issues. In S. Greene & D. Hogan (Eds.), Researching children’s experience: Approaches and methods (pp. 1–21). London: Sage.
Harmon, K. (Ed.). (2004). You are here: Personal geographies and other maps of the imagination. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
Hart, R. (1997). Children’s participation. UNICEF and London: Earthscan.
Lambert, B., & Clyde, M. (2000). Rethinking early childhood theory and practice. Sydney: Social Science Press.
Langsted, O. (1994). Looking at quality from the child’s perspective. In P. Moss & A. Pence (Eds.), Valuing quality in early childhood services: New approaches to defining quality (pp. 28–42). London: Paul Chapman.
Mandell, N. (1991). The least–adult role in studying children. In F. Waksler (Ed.), Studying the social worlds of children (pp. 38–60). London: Falmer Press.
Mayall, B. (2008). Conversations with children: working with generational issues. In P. Christensen & A. James (Eds.), Research with children: perspectives and practices (2nd ed., pp. 109–124). London: Routledge.
Park, P. (2006). Knowledge and participatory research. In P. Reason & H. Bradbury (Eds.), Handbook of action research: Concise paperback edition (pp. 83–93). London: Sage.
Reason, P., & Bradbury, H. (Eds.). (2006). Handbook of action research: Concise, paperback edition. London: Sage.
Rinaldi, C. (2001). Documentation and assessment: What is the relationship? In C. Giudici & M. Krechevsky (Eds.), Making learning visible, Children as individual and group learners (pp. 78–89). Cambridge, MA: Project Zero and Reggio Emilia: Reggio Children.
Rogoff, B. (2003). The cultural nature of human development. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rogoff, B., Goodman Turkanis, C., & Bartlett, L. (2001). Learning together: Adults and children in a school community. New York: Oxford University Press.
Thomson, P. (Ed.). (2008). Doing visual research with children and young people. London: Routledge.
Torbert, W. (2006). The practice of action inquiry. In P. Reason & H. Bradbury (Eds.), Handbook of action research: Concise paperback edition (pp. 207–218). London: Sage.
Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wells, G. (1986). The Meaning makers: Children learning language and using language to learn. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Acknowledgment
I would like to thank the children, practitioners, architects and parents who have taken part in the case studies described. The Living Spaces study is funded by the Bernard van Leer Foundation. An earlier draft of this paper was presented as a paper at the European Early Childhood Education Research Association Pre Conference on Qualitative Research Methods in 2007.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Clark, A. Young Children as Protagonists and the Role of Participatory, Visual Methods in Engaging Multiple Perspectives. Am J Community Psychol 46, 115–123 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-010-9332-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-010-9332-y