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Emergy analysis of a silvo-pastoral system, a case study in southern Portugal

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Abstract

The Mediterranean silvo-pastoral system known as Montado, in Portugal, is a complex land use system composed of an open tree stratum in various densities and an herbaceous layer, used for livestock grazing. Livestock also profit from the acorns, and the grazing contributes to avoid shrub encroachment. In the last 20 years, subsidies from the European Union have greatly promoted cattle rearing in this system and the introduction of heavy breeds, at the expense of sheep, goats or the native cattle breeds. The balance of the traditional system is thus threatened, and a precise assessment of the balance between the different components of the system, therefore is highly needed. The goal of this study was to gain a better understanding of a Montado farm system with cattle rearing as the major economic activity by applying the emergy evaluation method to calculate indices of yield, investment, environmental loading and sustainability. By integrating different ecosystem components, the emergy evaluation method allows a comprehensive evaluation of this complex and multifunctional system at the scale of an individual farm. This method provides a set of indices that can help us understand the system and design management strategies that maximize emergy flow in the farm. In this paper, we apply the emergy evaluation method to a Montado farm with cattle rearing, as a way to gain a better understanding of this system at the farm scale. The value for the transformity of veal (2.66E+06 sej J−1) is slightly higher, when compared to other systems producing protein. That means that the investment of nature and man in this product was higher and it requires a premium price on the market. The renewability for Holm Oaks Farm (49 %), lower than for other similar systems, supports the assumption that this is a farm in which, comparing with others, the number of purchased inputs in relation to renewable inputs provided by nature, is higher. The Emergy Investment Ratio is 0.91 for cattle rearing compared to a value of 0.49 for cork and 0.43 for firewood harvesting, making it clear that cattle rearing is a more labor demanding activity comparing with extractive activities as cork and firewood harvesting.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Centro de Geofísica de Évora (Évora Geophysics Center) for their kind help in the collection of meteorological data and to the Soil Laboratory of University of Évora for the soil analyses. We are also grateful to Carlos Oliveira, from Lusíada University, for sharing his determination of the Emergy to Money Ratio for Portugal for the year 2012. This work has been supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Foundation for Science and Technology) through a Ph.D. grant attributed to Ana Fonseca (SFRH/BD/76814/2011). This work was funded by FEDER Funds through the Operational Programme for Competitiveness Factors—COMPETE and National Funds through FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology under the Strategic Projects PEst-C/AGR/UI0115/2011 and PEst-C/QUI/UI0062/2011.

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  1. ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Polo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal

    Ana Margarida P. Fonseca & Teresa Pinto-Correia

  2. CEFAGE – Center for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics, University of Évora, 7000, Évora, Portugal

    Ana Margarida P. Fonseca & Carlos A. F. Marques

  3. USEPA – United States Environmental Protection Agency, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA

    Daniel E. Campbell

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  1. Ana Margarida P. Fonseca
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Correspondence to Ana Margarida P. Fonseca.

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Fonseca, A.M.P., Marques, C.A.F., Pinto-Correia, T. et al. Emergy analysis of a silvo-pastoral system, a case study in southern Portugal. Agroforest Syst 90, 137–157 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-015-9888-5

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