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Exploring the links between forest transition and landscape changes in the Mediterranean. Does forest recovery really lead to better landscape quality?

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Abstract

A growing number of studies argue that forest transition should be enhanced by policymakers given its potential benefits, for instance in slowing climate change through carbon sequestration. Yet the effects of forest transition in landscape heterogeneity and biodiversity remain poorly understood. In this paper we explore the relationships between the forest transition and the landscape changes occurred in a Mediterranean mountain area. Historical land-use maps were built from cadastral cartography (1854; 1956; 2012). Metrics on land-cover change, landscape structure, and landscape functioning were calculated. Multiyear data on butterfly assemblages from two transects (1994–2012) was used as indicator of land-use change effects on biodiversity. Results show a forest expansion process in former cereal fields, vineyards and pasturelands along with rural out-migration and land abandonment. Such forest transition involved large changes in landscape structure and functioning. As peasant management of integrated agrosilvopastoral systems disappeared, landscape became less diverse. Even if forest area is now larger than in mid-nineteenth century, ecological connectivity among woodland did not substantially improve. Instead, ecological connectivity across open habitats has greatly decreased as cereal fields, vineyards, meadows and pasturelands have almost disappeared. Butterfly assemblages under changing land-uses highlights the importance of agro-forest mosaics not only for these species but for biodiversity at large in the last decades. Our work emphasizes that conservation of landscapes with a long history of human use needs to take into account the role of humans in shaping ecological features and biodiversity. Hence the suitability of forest transitions should be critically examined in relation to context and policy objectives.

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Acknowledgments

This work has been supported by the research project HAR2012-38920-C02-02 funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, and the international Partnership Grant SSHRC-895-2011-1020 ‘Sustainable farm systems: long-term socio-ecological metabolism in western agriculture’ funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. The council of Sant Celoni gave full support for the butterfly monitoring.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Barcelona Institute of Regional and Metropolitan Studies (IERMB), Building MRA, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain

    Joan Marull, Francesc Coll, Manel Pons & Giovanna L. Diana

  2. Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany

    Iago Otero

  3. Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Building C, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain

    Iago Otero

  4. Catalan Butterfly Monitoring Scheme, Museu de Ciències Naturals de Granollers, 08402, Granollers, Spain

    Constantí Stefanescu

  5. Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain

    Constantí Stefanescu

  6. Department of Economic History and Institutions, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 690, 08034, Barcelona, Spain

    Enric Tello

  7. Ajuntament de Sant Celoni, Plaça de la Vila, 1, 08470, Sant Celoni, Spain

    Marta Miralles

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  1. Joan Marull
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Marull, J., Otero, I., Stefanescu, C. et al. Exploring the links between forest transition and landscape changes in the Mediterranean. Does forest recovery really lead to better landscape quality?. Agroforest Syst 89, 705–719 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-015-9808-8

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