Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Counselors’ Perceptions of HIV/AIDS Counseling in Botswana: Professional Identity, Practice, and Training Issues

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Mental health concerns can exacerbate the progression and transmission of HIV/AIDS. Thus there have been calls for increased research and integration of mental health care into HIV/AIDS treatment in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the disease has reached pandemic levels. This qualitative study analyzed the open-ended survey responses of 181 individuals providing HIV/AIDS counseling in Botswana. Several themes emerged regarding the professional identity of counselors, risk of burnout, working conditions and needed resources, the process and provision of counseling in Botswana, as well as training and supervision issues. Implications and recommendations for practice and advocacy are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Antelman, G., Kaaya, S., Ruilan, W., Mbwambo, J., Msamanga, G. I., Fawzi, W. W., & Smith Fawzi, M. C. (2007). Depressive symptoms increase risk of HIV disease progression and mortality among women in Tanzania. JAIDS: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 44(4), 470–477.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashman, J., Conviser, R., & Pounds, M. (2002). Associations between HIV-positive individuals’ receipt of ancillary services and medical care receipt and retention. AIDS Care, 14(S1), 109–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baggaley, R., Sulwe, J., Kelly, M., Macmillan, M. N., & Godfrey-Faussett, P. (1996). HIV counselors’ knowledge, attitudes and vulnerabilities to HIV in Lusaka, Zambia, 1994. AIDS Care, 8(2), 155–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breuer, E., Myer, L., Struthers, H., & Joska, J. A. (2011). HIV/AIDS and mental health research in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. African Journal of Aids Research, 10(2), 101–122.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ciesla, J., & Roberts, J. (2001). Meta-analysis of the relationship between HIV infection and risk for depressive disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(5), 725–730.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooperman, N. A., Heo, M., Berg, K. M., Li, X., Litwin, A. H., Nahvi, S., & Arnsten, J. H. (2012). Impact of adherence counseling dose on antiretroviral adherence and HIV viral load among HIV-infected methadone maintained drug users. AIDS Care, 24(7), 828–835.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dutcher, M. V., Phicil, S. N., Goldenkranz, S. B., Rajabiun, S., Franks, J., Loscher, B. S., & Mabachi, N. M. (2011). “Positive examples”: A bottom-up approach to identifying best practices in HIV care and treatment based on the experiences of peer educators. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 25(7), 403–411.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, M. (2003). Mental Health and Hiv/Aids: Report on a Round-table Discussion, March 2003: HSRC Press.

  • Freeman, M., Patel, V., Collins, P., & Bertolote, J. (2005). Integrating mental health in global initiatives for HIV/AIDS (Vol. 187, pp. 1–3): RCP.

  • Freeman, M., Nkomo, N., Kafaar, Z., & Kelly, K. (2008). Mental disorder in people living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa. [yes]. South African Journal of Psychology. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Sielkunde, 38, 489–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gale, A. U., & Austin, B. D. (2003). Professionalism’s challenges to professional counselors’ collective identity. Journal of Counseling & Development, 81(1), 3–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grinstead, O. A., & Van Der Straten, A. (2000). Counselors’ perspectives on the experience of providing HIV counseling in Kenya and Tanzania: the voluntary HIV-1 counseling and testing efficacy study. AIDS Care, 12(5), 625.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J., & Williams, E. N. (1997). A guide to conducting consensual qualitative research. The Counseling Psychologist, 25(4), 517–572.

  • Jain, S. (2010). The role of paraprofessionals in providing treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in Low-resource communities. JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical Association, 304(5), 571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahill, S. (2011). Intervention for Burnout: A Review of Empirical Evidence. Canadian Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy/Revue canadienne de counseling et de psychothérapie, 22(3).

  • Kalichman, S. C., Simbayi, L. C., Vermaak, R., Cain, D., Jooste, S., & Peltzer, K. (2007). HIV/AIDS risk reduction counseling for alcohol using sexually transmitted infections clinic patients in Cape Town, South Africa. JAIDS: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 44(5), 594–600.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamb, M. L., Fishbein, M., Douglas, J. M., Jr., Rhodes, F., Rogers, J., Bolan, G., & Iatesta, M. (1998). Efficacy of risk-reduction counseling to prevent human immunodeficiency virus and sexually transmitted diseases. JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical Association, 280(13), 1161–1167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawler, K., Mosepele, M., Seloilwe, E., Ratcliffe, S., Steele, K., Nthobatsang, R., & Steenhoff, A. (2011). Depression among HIV-positive individuals in Botswana: a behavioral surveillance. AIDS and Behavior, 15(1), 204–208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathiti, V., Simbayi, L. C., Jooste, S., Kekana, Q., Nibe, X., Shasha, L., & Kalichman, S. C. (2005). Development of an HIV risk reduction counseling intervention for use in South African sexually transmitted infection clinics. Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance, 2(2), 267–276.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mavhandu-Mudzusi, A. H., Netshandama, V. O., & Davhana-Maselesele, M. (2007). Nurses’ experiences of delivering voluntary counseling and testing services for people with HIV/AIDS in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Nursing & Health Sciences, 9(4), 254–262. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2018.2007.00341.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meade, C. S., & Sikkema, K. J. (2005). HIV risk behavior among adults with severe mental illness: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review.

  • Molefe, M. N. (2008). Attitudes and fears of HIV counselors towards voluntary HIV testing. Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuner, F., Onyut, P. L., Ertl, V., Odenwald, M., Schauer, E., & Elbert, T. (2008). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by trained Lay Counselors in an African refugee settlement: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(4), 686.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olley, B. (2006). Improving well-being through psycho-education among voluntary counseling and testing seekers in Nigeria: a controlled outcome study. AIDS Care, 18(8), 1025–1031.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orner, P. (2006). Psychosocial impacts on caregivers of people living with AIDS. AIDS Care, 18(3), 236–240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osborn, C. J. (2004). Seven salutary suggestions for counselor stamina. Journal of Counseling & Development, 82(3), 319–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, J. T., Golub, S. A., Rosof, E., & Holder, C. (2007). Motivational interviewing and cognitive-behavioral intervention to improve HIV medication adherence among hazardous drinkers: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 46(4), 443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rakgoasi, S. D. (2011). HIV counseling and testing of pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Botswana, 2001. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition (JHPN), 23(1), 58–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, K. A. M., & Marquez, J. (2005). Experiences of HIV/AIDS counselors in Zimbabwe and their perceptions on the state of HIV/AIDS counseling in Zimbabwe. International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 27(3), 413–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sikkema, K. J., Watt, M. H., Meade, C. S., Ranby, K. W., Kalichman, S. C., Skinner, D., & Pieterse, D. (2011). Mental health and HIV sexual risk behavior among patrons of alcohol serving venues in Cape Town, South Africa. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 57(3), 230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Speakes-Lewis, A. (2011). Understanding Blame and Burnout in HIV/AIDS: Recommendations for Effective Practice. North American Journal of Psychology, 13(1), 133–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Springer, S. A., Dushaj, A., & Azar, M. M. (2012). The Impact of DSM-IV Mental Disorders on Adherence to Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Among Adult Persons Living with HIV/AIDS: A Systematic Review. AIDS and Behavior, 1–25.

  • Stockton, R., Nitza, A., & Bhusumane, D. B. (2010). The development of professional counseling in Botswana. Journal of Counseling & Development, 88(1), 9–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Dam, C. J., Baumgartner, J. N., & Mastro, T. D. (2012). Managing depression in countries with low and middle incomes: an imperative for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome care and treatment and general public health. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74(9), 880–881.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dyk, A. C. (2007). Occupational stress experienced by caregivers working in the HIV/AIDS field in South Africa. African Journal of Aids Research, 6(1), 49–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2008). HIV/AIDS and Mental Health: Report by the Secretariat (Vol. 124th Session). Geneva.

  • World Health Organization. (2011). Global HIV/AIDS response: epidemic update and health sector progress towards universal access: Progress report 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. Cited February 1, 2013.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rex Stockton.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Stockton, R., Paul, T., Voils-Levenda, A. et al. Counselors’ Perceptions of HIV/AIDS Counseling in Botswana: Professional Identity, Practice, and Training Issues. Int J Adv Counselling 37, 143–154 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-014-9233-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-014-9233-0

Keywords

Navigation