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Contact to Non-human Primates and Risk Factors for Zoonotic Disease Emergence in the Taï Region, Côte d’Ivoire

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Abstract

Elevated exposure levels to non-human primates (NHP) and NHP bushmeat represent major risk factors for zoonotic disease transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Demography can affect personal nutritional behavior, and thus rates of contact to NHP bushmeat. Here, we analyzed demographic and NHP contact data from 504 participants of differing demographic backgrounds living in proximity to the Taï National Park in Western Côte d’Ivoire (CI) to identify factors impacting the risk of NHP exposure. Overall, participants’ contact rates to NHP were high, and increased along a gradient of bushmeat processing (e.g., 7.7% hunted, but 61.9% consumed monkeys). Contact to monkeys was significantly more frequent than to chimpanzees, most likely a reflection of meat availability and hunting effort. 17.2% of participants reported previous interaction with NHP pets. Generalized linear mixed model analysis revealed significant effects of sex, country of birth or ethnicity on rates of NHP bushmeat contact, with male participants from CI being at particular risk of exposure to NHP. The presence of zoonotic pathogens in humans and NHP in Taï further highlights the risk for zoonotic disease emergence in this region. Our results are relevant for formulating prevention strategies to reduce zoonotic pathogen burden in tropical Africa.

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Acknowledgments

We thank all study participants for volunteering to contribute to this work. We also especially thank the sampling team during field investigations (among others Tapé Aimé Fréderic Bozoua, Eric Goueu, Joel Semporé and Dan Driscoll). The hospital at Taï and the Office Ivorien des Parcs et Réserves kindly provided logistic support, and regional health workers aided in sensibilizing the local population for the study. We are grateful towards the national and local health authorities in Côte d’Ivoire for collaborating on this study, as well as the according ethics commission for granting permission for this work. We also thank Kathrin Nowak for help with the figures, Roger Mundry for statistical advice and Christophe Boesch and Roman Wittig for helpful comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the “Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft” (DFG) Grant LE1813/4-1.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Study approval was given by the Ivorian ethics commission (Comité national d’éthique et de la recherche, CNER, permit number 101 10/MSHP/CENR/P).

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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    1. Laboratoire National d`appui au Développement Agricole/Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, 206, Bingerville, Côte d’Ivoire

      Arsène Mossoun, Emmanuel Couacy-Hymann, Augustin E. Anoh & Ange H. Gnoukpoho

    2. Université Felix Houphouët Boigny, 01 BP V34, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

      Arsène Mossoun

    3. Project Group “Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms”, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany

      Maude Pauly, Siv Aina J. Leendertz, Fabian H. Leendertz & Grit Schubert

    4. Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, rue Henri Koch, 4354, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg

      Maude Pauly

    5. Centre de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Alassane Ouattara of Bouaké, 01 BP V18, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire

      Chantal Akoua-Koffi, Augustin E. Anoh & Ange H. Gnoukpoho

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    1. Arsène Mossoun
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    Correspondence to Maude Pauly.

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    Arsène Mossoun and Maude Pauly have contributed equally to this manuscript.

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    Mossoun, A., Pauly, M., Akoua-Koffi, C. et al. Contact to Non-human Primates and Risk Factors for Zoonotic Disease Emergence in the Taï Region, Côte d’Ivoire. EcoHealth 12, 580–591 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-015-1056-x

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