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Positionspapier zur medikamentenassoziierten Osteonekrose des Kiefers (MRONJ)

Position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ)

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Zusammenfassung

Es sind nun mehr als 12 Jahre seit den ersten Publikationen über die medikamentenassoziierte Osteonekrose des Kiefers (MRONJ) vergangen. Der Mangel an wissenschaftlich fundierter Information hat in dieser Zeit häufig zu Fehlinformationen und Ängsten bei Patienten und auch bei Ärzten/Zahnärzten geführt. Eine MRONJ ist zweifelsfrei eine schwerwiegende Erkrankung der Mundhöhle mit starker Beeinträchtigung der Lebensqualität. Sie kann als Therapiefolge nach Behandlung von malignen und benignen Knochenerkrankungen mit Bisphosphonaten, Denosumab oder Bevacizumab (Angiogenesehemmer) auftreten. Die MRONJ ist eine seltene Erkrankung und tritt in erster Linie bei onkologischen Patienten (1–15 %) auf, die in kürzeren Abständen und mit hohen Dosen behandelt werden. Hier überwiegt der nachgewiesene Nutzen einer Behandlung mit antiresorptiv wirkenden Medikamenten meist bei Weitem die potenziellen Risiken der Entstehung einer MRONJ. Insbesondere onkologische Patienten sollten vor Behandlungsbeginn zahnärztlich versorgt sein. Bei einer Osteoporosetherapie tritt eine Osteonekrose des Kiefers als assoziierte Therapiefolge sehr selten auf (0,001–0,01 %) und ist bei einer Therapiedauer unter 4 Jahren kaum höher als die Inzidenz in der Normalbevölkerung (< 0,001 %). Trotzdem ist bei Patienten mit einer diesbezüglichen Therapie wegen des potenziellen Risikos einer MRONJ eine erhöhte Achtsamkeit geboten. Präventive Maßnahmen sind sinnvoll, notwendig und wirksam. Nach 4 Jahren nimmt die Inzidenz um den Faktor 10 zu. Zur Therapie der manifesten MRONJ kann bei umschriebenen Befunden eine konservative Therapie oder eine wenig invasive Operation zielführend sein. Bei fortgeschrittenen oder multiplen Kiefernekrosen ist aber oft auch eine operative Therapie unter strengen Vorsichtsmaßnahmen medizinisch notwendig und gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Das individuelle Risikoprofil für eine MRONJ ist somit bei jedem einzelnen Patienten unterschiedlich und muss dem Risiko der zu behandelnden Grunderkrankung gegenübergestellt werden. Die wirkungsvollste und einfachste Maßnahme gegen eine MRONJ ist die Prävention. Um präventive Maßnahmen optimal einzusetzen und auch um Therapieunsicherheiten zu vermeiden, ist eine enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem osteologisch/onkologisch behandelnden Arzt und dem behandelnden Zahnarzt unbedingt notwendig.

Abstract

It is now 12 years since the first article on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) was reported in 2003. The recognition of MRONJ is still inconsistent between physicians and dentists but it is without doubt a severe disease with impairment of oral health-related quality of life. This position paper was developed by three Austrian societies for dentists, oral surgeons and osteologists involved in this topic. This update contains amendments on the incidence, pathophysiology, diagnosis, staging and treatment and provides recommendations for management based on a multidisciplinary international consensus. The MRONJ can be a medication-related side effect of treatment of malignant and benign bone diseases with bisphosphonates (Bp), bevacizumab and denosumab (Dmab) as antiresorptive therapy. The incidence of MRONJ is highest in the oncology patient population (range 1–15 %), where high doses of these medications are used at frequent intervals. In the osteoporosis patient population, the incidence of MRONJ is estimated to be 0.001–0.01 %, marginally higher than the incidence in the general population (< 0.001 %). Other risk factors for MRONJ include glucocorticoid use, maxillary or mandibular bone surgery, poor oral hygiene, chronic inflammation, diabetes mellitus, ill-fitting dentures as well as other drugs, including antiangiogenic agents. Prevention strategies for MRONJ include elimination or stabilization of oral disease prior to initiation of antiresorptive agents, as well as maintenance of good oral hygiene. In those patients at high risk for the development of MRONJ, including cancer patients receiving high-dose BP or Dmab therapy, consideration should be given to withholding antiresorptive therapy following extensive oral surgery until the surgical site heals with mature mucosal coverage. Management of MRONJ is based on the stage of the disease, extent of the lesions and the presence of contributing drug therapy and comorbidity. Conservative therapy includes topical antibiotic oral rinses and systemic antibiotic therapy. Early data have suggested enhanced osseous wound healing with teriparatide in those patients without contraindications for its use. The MRONJ related to denosumab may resolve more quickly with a drug holiday than MRONJ related to bisphosphonates. Localized surgical debridement is indicated in advanced nonresponsive disease and has proven successful. More invasive surgical techniques are becoming increasingly more important. Prevention is the key for the management of MRONJ. This requires a close teamwork for the treating physician and the dentist. It is necessary that this information is disseminated to other relevant health care professionals and organizations.

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Correspondence to B. Svejda.

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B. Svejda, Ch. Muschitz, R. Gruber, Ch. Brandtner, Ch. Svejda, R. W. Gasser, G. Santler und H. P. Dimai geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

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Dieser Beitrag wurde in der Zeitschrift stomatologie 2015 ∙ 112:241–246; DOI 10.1007/s00715-015-0064-3 erstveröffentlicht.

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Svejda, B., Muschitz, C., Gruber, R. et al. Positionspapier zur medikamentenassoziierten Osteonekrose des Kiefers (MRONJ). Wien Med Wochenschr 166, 68–74 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-016-0437-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-016-0437-2

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