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Lipid lowering therapy in type 2 diabetes

Behandlung mit Lipidsenkern bei Typ-2-Diabetes

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Zusammenfassung

Insulinresistenz ist die Hauptursache für gestörte Plasmalipide bei Typ-2-Diabetes, welche sich in einer Erhöhung der Triglyzeride im Nüchtern- und im postprandialen Zustand, im Vorherrschen kleiner, dichter LDL und im Vorliegen niedriger Konzentrationen von funktionsgestörten HDL manifestieren. Die Konzentration von LDL-Cholesterin (LDL-C) ist meist im Normalbereich. Aufgrund dieses Lipidprofils schiene die Absenkung von LDL-C bei Typ-2-Diabetes nicht unbedingt die allererste Priorität zu besitzen. Allerdings haben Studien mit Statinen an >18.000 Diabetikern in den letzten 20 Jahren genau die LDL-C-Absenkung klar als erste Priorität etabliert. Patienten mit Typ-2-Diabetes ohne manifeste Atherosklerose sollten ein LDL-C-Ziel von <100 mg/dl oder ein Nicht-HDL-C (NHDL-C)-Ziel von <130 mg/dl erreichen. Wenn die LDL-C-Ausgangswerte bereits mit 70–100 mg/dl relativ niedrig liegen, sollten diese dennoch um etwa 30 bis 40% abgesenkt werden. Die Mehrheit dieser Patienten wird mit Statinen von Standard-Intensität (z. B. Simvastatin 40 mg) ihr LDL-C-Ziel erreichen. Patienten mit Typ-2-Diabetes mit manifester koronarer Herzkrankheit (KHK) sollten ein LDL-C-Ziel von <70 mg/dl oder ein NHDL-C-Ziel <100 mg/dl erreichen. Eine beträchtliche Anzahl dieser Patienten wird Statine von hoher Intensität (z. B. Atorvastatin 80 mg/d oder Rosuvastatin 20–40 mg/d) zur Zielwerterreichung benötigen. Wenn dann das LDL-C-Ziel immer noch nicht erreicht wird oder wenn Statine von hoher Intensität nicht toleriert werden, ist eine Kombination von Statinen mit Ezetimib sinnvoll. Bei ausgeprägter Dyslipidämie trotz optimiertem Lebensstil und adäquater Statindosierung, sollte Pioglitazon in die antidiabetische Therapie eingebaut und Kombinationen von Statinen mit Niacin oder Fenofibrat verwendet werden. Es ist allerdings festzuhalten, dass die Evidenz einer HDL-steigernden Therapie immer noch sehr viel schwächer als die einer LDL-senkenden Therapie ist.

Summary

The primary defect underlying abnormalities in lipoprotein transport in type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance, which leads to increased triglycerides in the fasting and postprandial states, preponderance of small, dense LDL and low concentrations of dysfunctional HDL. Concentrations of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) are most often not remarkably abnormal. Based on this lipoprotein profile, it seems somewhat counterintuitive to prioritize LDL-C lowering in type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, ≈20 years of statins trials in >18,000 diabetic patients have unequivocally established this priority. Patients with type 2 diabetes without manifest atherosclerosis should reach an LDL-C goal <100 mg/dl or a Non-HDLcholesterol (NHDL-C) goal <130 mg/dl. If their baseline LDL-C is already between 70 and 100 mg/dl LDL-C should be lowered by 30 to 40%. Thus, the majority of these patients can be managed successfully with monotherapy using standard-intensity statins (e.g. simvastatin 40 mg/d). Patients with type 2 diabetes with manifest CHD should reach an LDL-C goal <70 mg/dl or an NHDL-C goal <100 mg/dl. A sizable fraction of these patients will require high-intensity statins (e.g. atorvastatin 80 mg/d or rosuvastatin 20–40 mg/d). If LDL-C goals are still not reached or high-intensity statins are not tolerated, combination of statins with ezetimibe is advisable. In patients with persistent pronounced dyslipidemic features, i.e. high TG/low HDL-C despite maximal lifestyle intervention and optimized statin dosage, pioglitazone should be incorporated in the antidiabetic management and combinations of statins with either niacin or fenofibrate should be considered. However, it has to be recognized that evidence supporting HDL-raising therapy is currently still much weaker than evidence supporting LDL lowering with statins.

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Correspondence to Bernhard Föger.

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Föger, B. Lipid lowering therapy in type 2 diabetes. Wien Med Wochenschr 161, 289–296 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-011-0908-4

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