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Landslide databases in the Geological Surveys of Europe

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Abstract

Landslides are one of the most widespread geohazards in Europe, producing significant social and economic impacts. Rapid population growth in urban areas throughout many countries in Europe and extreme climatic scenarios can considerably increase landslide risk in the near future. Variability exists between European countries in both the statutory treatment of landslide risk and the use of official assessment guidelines. This suggests that a European Landslides Directive that provides a common legal framework for dealing with landslides is necessary. With this long-term goal in mind, this work analyzes the landslide databases from the Geological Surveys of Europe focusing on their interoperability and completeness. The same landslide classification could be used for the 849,543 landslide records from the Geological Surveys, from which 36% are slides, 10% are falls, 20% are flows, 11% are complex slides, and 24% either remain unclassified or correspond to another typology. Most of them are mapped with the same symbol at a scale of 1:25,000 or greater, providing the necessary information to elaborate European-scale susceptibility maps for each landslide type. A landslide density map was produced for the available records from the Geological Surveys (LANDEN map) showing, for the first time, 210,544 km2 landslide-prone areas and 23,681 administrative areas where the Geological Surveys from Europe have recorded landslides. The comparison of this map with the European landslide susceptibility map (ELSUS 1000 v1) is successful for most of the territory (69.7%) showing certain variability between countries. This comparison also permitted the identification of 0.98 Mkm2 (28.9%) of landslide-susceptible areas without records from the Geological Surveys, which have been used to evaluate the landslide database completeness. The estimated completeness of the landslide databases (LDBs) from the Geological Surveys is 17%, varying between 1 and 55%. This variability is due to the different landslide strategies adopted by each country. In some of them, landslide mapping is systematic; others only record damaging landslides, whereas in others, landslide maps are only available for certain regions or local areas. Moreover, in most of the countries, LDBs from the Geological Surveys co-exist with others owned by a variety of public institutions producing LDBs at variable scales and formats. Hence, a greater coordination effort should be made by all the institutions working in landslide mapping to increase data integration and harmonization.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the fieldwork, the design, and the filling of the different landslide databases made through the years by all the scientists and technicians from the Geological Surveys of Europe and the collaborating institutions. This work has been elaborated by the Earth Observation and Geohazards Expert Group from EuroGeoSurveys and it is a contribution for the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Community of Activity: Geohazards, land degradation and environmental monitoring using satellite and in-situ information (GEO-CA-ID:88). Geological materials for Great Britain © NERC 2016, All rights reserved; for Northern Ireland © DETI 2016, All rights reserved. Local administrative areas for Scotland and Northern Ireland were made available by the Scottish Government – Spatial Data Infrastructure, and Land & Property Services respectively, under the Open Government Licence v2.0, for England and Wales by the Office for National Statistics (ONS), and contain ONS and Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right 2016. The authors thank Dr. V. Banks, Ms. K. Freeborough, and Mr. K. Parker from Geological Survey for their valuable contribution to the analysis of landslide statistics for the UK. Dr. H. Reeves, Dr. C. Dashwood, and Dr. F. Cigna publish with the permission of the Executive Director of BGS. The picture from Tenczyn landslide in Poland in Fig. 1 was provided by Wojciech Rączkowski.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Earth Observation and Geohazards Expert Group (EOEG), EuroGeoSurveys, the Geological Surveys of Europe, Brussels, Belgium

    Gerardo Herrera, Rosa María Mateos, Juan Carlos García-Davalillo, Gilles Grandjean, Eleftheria Poyiadji, Raluca Maftei, Tatiana-Constantina Filipciuc, Mateja Jemec Auflič, Jernej Jež, Laszlo Podolszki, Alessandro Trigila, Hugo Raetzo, Arben Kociu, Maria Przyłucka, Marcin Kułak, Michael Sheehy, Xavier M. Pellicer, Charise McKeown, Graham Ryan, Veronika Kopačková, Michaela Frei, Dirk Kuhn, Reginald L. Hermanns, Niki Koulermou, Colby A. Smith, Mats Engdahl, Pere Buxó, Marta Gonzalez, Claire Dashwood, Helen Reeves, Francesca Cigna, Pavel Liščák, Peter Pauditš, Vidas Mikulėnas, Vedad Demir, Margus Raha, Lídia Quental, Cvjetko Sandić & Balazs Fusi

  2. Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modeling Group, Geohazards Unit, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Madrid, Spain

    Gerardo Herrera, Rosa María Mateos & Juan Carlos García-Davalillo

  3. Risk and Prevention Division, BRGM, Orleans, France

    Gilles Grandjean

  4. Engineering Geology Department, Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Athens, Greece

    Eleftheria Poyiadji

  5. GeoHazard team, Geological Institute of Romania, Bucharest, Romania

    Raluca Maftei & Tatiana-Constantina Filipciuc

  6. Geological Survey of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Mateja Jemec Auflič & Jernej Jež

  7. Croatian Geological Survey, Zagreb, Croatia

    Laszlo Podolszki

  8. ISPRA, Geological Survey of Italy, Rome, Italy

    Alessandro Trigila & Carla Iadanza

  9. Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Bern, Switzerland

    Hugo Raetzo

  10. Geological Survey of Austria, Vienna, Austria

    Arben Kociu

  11. Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland

    Maria Przyłucka & Marcin Kułak

  12. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland

    Michael Sheehy, Xavier M. Pellicer, Charise McKeown & Graham Ryan

  13. Czech Geological Survey, Prague, Czechia

    Veronika Kopačková

  14. Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hanover, Germany

    Michaela Frei & Dirk Kuhn

  15. Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim, Norway

    Reginald L. Hermanns

  16. Cyprus Geological Survey, Strovolos, Cyprus

    Niki Koulermou

  17. Geological Survey of Sweden, Goteborg, Sweden

    Colby A. Smith & Mats Engdahl

  18. Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain

    Pere Buxó & Marta Gonzalez

  19. British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK

    Claire Dashwood, Helen Reeves & Francesca Cigna

  20. Geological Survey of Slovakia, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Pavel Liščák & Peter Pauditš

  21. Geological Survey of Lithuania, Vilnius, Lithuania

    Vidas Mikulėnas

  22. Federalni zavod za geologiju, Ilidža, Bosnia and Herzegovina

    Vedad Demir

  23. Geological Survey of Estonia, Tallinn, Estonia

    Margus Raha

  24. Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia,, Amadora, Portugal

    Lídia Quental

  25. Geological Survey of the Republic of Srpska, Zvornik, Bosnia and Herzegovina

    Cvjetko Sandić

  26. Geological Survey of Hungary, Budapest, Hungary

    Balazs Fusi

  27. Norwegian Water and energy Directorate of Norway, Oslo, Norway

    Odd Are Jensen

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  1. Gerardo Herrera
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  2. Rosa María Mateos
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  20. Graham Ryan
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  29. Marta Gonzalez
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  30. Claire Dashwood
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  31. Helen Reeves
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  32. Francesca Cigna
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  33. Pavel Liščák
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  34. Peter Pauditš
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  35. Vidas Mikulėnas
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  36. Vedad Demir
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  37. Margus Raha
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  38. Lídia Quental
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  39. Cvjetko Sandić
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  40. Balazs Fusi
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  41. Odd Are Jensen
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gerardo Herrera.

Additional information

Dirk Kuhn, on behalf of the participating SGS

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Herrera, G., Mateos, R.M., García-Davalillo, J.C. et al. Landslide databases in the Geological Surveys of Europe. Landslides 15, 359–379 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-017-0902-z

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