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Effects of components of the leaf area distribution on drag relations for Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa

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Abstract

The objectives of this study were to clarify the effects of components of the leaf area distribution on the drag coefficient of crowns and streamlining (e.g., leaf area index; LAI, outline of the crown shape, and clumpiness) and to contribute to the accumulation of data on drag relations by quantifying data for Chamaecyparis obtusa and Cryptomeria japonica. We conducted drag experiments while simultaneously capturing dynamic crown images for 28 Ch. obtusa crowns and 13 Cr. japonica crowns to analyze the relationships between the leaf area distribution components and drag coefficient or streamlining. The static drag coefficient increased with the LAI for Ch. obtusa and with decreasing clumpiness for Cr. japonica. The reduction rate of the static drag coefficient decreased with increasing clumpiness for Ch. obtusa and with a combination of increasing LAI and decreasing clumpiness for Cr. japonica. The reduction rate of the static drag coefficient had a clear relationship with the decreasing rate of the dynamic crown projected area of obstacles (foliage elements, branches, and stems) calculated from captured video images under windy conditions for Cr. japonica, while Ch. obtusa did not show clear relationship between them. The drag coefficients assuming non-porous crown; C max estimated by simple model combining LAI and clumpiness were approximately 1.0 in Ch. obtusa and 0.5 in Cr. japonica and were equivalent to the dynamic drag coefficients from video image under windy condition. The combination of LAI and clumpiness provided simple estimation for drag relations and enable to link crown structure to wind damage easier.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the staff at Fuji International Speedway Co., Ltd. for their kind support. We thank also Dr. Wang and Dr. Kamimura for their encouragement. Funding for this research was provided by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (KAKENHI Grant Numbers 23405024 and 23580202).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan

    Kenji Kitagawa

  2. Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan

    Shintaro Iwama, Sho Fukui, Yuuki Sunaoka, Hayato Yazawa, Atsushi Usami, Masaaki Naramoto & Hiromi Mizunaga

  3. Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan

    Takanori Uchida

  4. Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaragi, 305-8687, Japan

    Satoshi Saito

Authors
  1. Kenji Kitagawa
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  2. Shintaro Iwama
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  3. Sho Fukui
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  4. Yuuki Sunaoka
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  5. Hayato Yazawa
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  6. Atsushi Usami
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  7. Masaaki Naramoto
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  8. Takanori Uchida
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  9. Satoshi Saito
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  10. Hiromi Mizunaga
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Correspondence to Hiromi Mizunaga.

Additional information

Communicated by Miren del Rio.

Appendices

Appendix 1

Abbreviations used in the text

Abbreviation

Explanation

A (m2)

Frontal area of crown

a

Parameter for estimating clumping index

A P (u) (m2)

Projected crown area of obstacles (foliage, branches, and stems) at wind speed is u

A S (m2)

The windward frontal crown area under still-air condition

Cd

Drag coefficient

Cd S (u)

Static drag coefficient at wind speed is u

C max

Cd s (10) at gap fraction is zero

D (N)

Wind drag acting a crown

Fd

Fractal dimension

Gf

Gap fraction

H C (m)

Height of wind centroid

H D (m)

Height that the cable is attached

K

Intercept for calculation of the fractal dimension

k

Parameter for estimating gap fraction

LA (m2)

Foliage area

LAI lat (m2 m−2)

Lateral leaf area index

L C (m)

Vertical crown length

m

Decreasing rate of projected crown area

n

Reduction rate of the static drag coefficient

N (γ)

Number of cells containing obstacles at cell sides is γ for calculation of the fractal dimension

R D (N)

Tension on the windward cable which attached at tree stems under additional load

T K (m)

Mean crown thickness

T P

Crown taper index

u (m s−1)

Wind speed

V C (m3)

Crown volume

γ (cm)

Length of cell sides for calculation of the fractal dimension

ρ (kg m−3)

Air density

Ω

Clumping index

Appendix 2

figure a

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Kitagawa, K., Iwama, S., Fukui, S. et al. Effects of components of the leaf area distribution on drag relations for Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa . Eur J Forest Res 134, 403–414 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-014-0859-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-014-0859-6

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