Abstract
The main objective of this study was to determine the amounts and types of pesticides used in apple orchards, as apples are one of the most important products of Turkey and to analyze the amount of economic losses on farm-level and costs of pesticides use in comparison with application levels used by growers and suggested in apple production by extension units and pesticide prospectus. Furthermore, the use of agricultural chemicals and practices by the growers were also determined. Production data for 2011 was collected from 114 apple producers who used pesticides. The average area of apple production was 1.43 ha with 24,274.30 kg ha−1. The average cost of apple production was € 3,736.19 ha−1. The average usages per hectare of active ingredient of insecticides, fungicides and acaricides were determined to be 13,701.60 g, 11,394.60 g and 2,152.20 g, respectively. Average plant protection costs were € 1,574.42 ha−1, which made up 42.14 % of the apple production costs. In the study area, the excessive use of agricultural chemicals was determined in the apple production. It was calculated that economic loss was € 549.71 per hectare due to overdose of agricultural chemicals. The percentages of this loss were 86.00, 0.52 and 13.47 %, due to pesticides, copper sulfate and winter and mineral oils respectively. It was calculated that the economic loss was € 472.73 per hectare due to overdose of pesticides. The percentages of this loss were 63.63, 26.70 and 9.67 % due to insecticides, fungicides and acaricides respectively.
Zusammenfassung
Der Apfel ist eine der wirtschaftlich wichtigsten Obstarten im türkischen Obstanbau. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Aufwandmengen von in Apfelanlagen ausgebrachten Pflanzenschutzmitteln, die Höhe der wirtschaftlichen Verluste und Kosten der Pflanzenschutzmittelanwendungen in den Produktionsbetrieben im Vergleich zu den Empfehlungen der Anbauberatung und der Gebrauchsanweisung zu analysieren. 2011 wurden die Daten von 114 Apfelanbauern, die Pflanzenschutzmittel anwenden, erhoben. Die durchschnittliche Apfel-Produktionsfläche umfasste 1,43 ha mit einem jährlichen Ertrag von 24,274.30 kg/ha. Die durchschnittlichen Produktionskosten betrugen 3,736.19 €/ha. Der durchschnittliche Verbrauch pro Hektar an Insektiziden, Fungiziden und Akariziden betrug jeweils 13.701,60 g, 11.394,60 g und 2,152.20 g. Die durchschnittlichen Kosten für den Pflanzenschutz beliefen sich auf 1,574.42 €/ha, was 42 % der Gesamtkosten für die Apfelproduktion ausmacht. Im untersuchten Bereich wurde ein übermäßiger Einsatz von Pflanzenschutzmitteln festgestellt. Es wurde ausgerechnet, dass 549.71 €/ha an wirtschaftlichem Verlust auf Grund von Überdosierung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln entstanden. Die prozentualen Verlustanteile machten 86 % bei Pflanzenschutzmittel, 0,52 % bei Kupfersulfat und 13,48 % bei Winter- und Mineralöl aus. Es wurde ausgerechnet, dass der wirtschaftliche Schaden durch die Überdosierung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln allein insgesamt 472,73 E/ha betrug. Die prozentualen Verluste teilten sich auf 63,63 % bei Insektiziden, 26,70 % bei Fungiziden und 9,67 % bei Akariziden auf.
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge Scientific Research Projects Committee of Suleyman Demirel University (SDU BAP 2620-M-10) which provided financial support to this study. The authors express appreciation to farmers and other individuals who provided assistance.
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Yilmaz, H., Demircan, V., Gul, M. et al. Economic Analysis of Pesticides Applications in Apple Orchards in West Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau 57, 141–148 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-015-0242-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-015-0242-x