Skip to main content
Log in

New cue-conflict experiments suggest a leading role of visual cues in the migratory orientation of Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Ornithology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Migratory birds use both geomagnetic and celestial cues to select and maintain their seasonally appropriate migratory direction. The integration of the different compass cues is still poorly understood. Previous cue-conflict experiments suggested that Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca did not recalibrate their magnetic compass against the polarization pattern at twilight, but the available evidence is problematic given the high variability of birds’ directional preferences. We performed a new set of cue-conflict experiments where (1) we modified the protocol in order to try to reduce scatter of data and (2) we integrated the results of two experimental approaches, i.e. orientation cages and releases of radio-tagged birds. Pied Flycatchers were tested in Emlen funnels without access to celestial cues before and after being exposed to conflicting visual and geomagnetic information. After the second test, birds were equipped with radio-transmitters and followed until the vanishing of the radio signal. Contrary to previous experiments, our data showed a general dominance of celestial cues: polarized light sun-related pattern in captive birds tested without access to stars and stellar dominance in free-flying birds released under a starry sky at night-time. These results underline the importance of experimental protocols when testing ways in which birds integrate their compass systems.

Zusammenfassung

Neue Experimente mit widersprüchlichen Signalgebern deuten auf eine Führungsrolle visueller Signalgeber bei der Zugorientierung von Trauerschnäppern Ficedula hypoleuca hin Zugvögel nutzen sowohl geomagnetische als auch Himmelssignalgeber, um die der Jahreszeit entsprechende Zugrichtung zu wählen und einzuhalten. Die Integration der verschiedenen Kompasssignalgeber ist nach wie vor kaum verstanden. Vorherige Experimente mit widersprüchlichen Signalgebern deuteten darauf hin, dass Trauerschnäpper Ficedula hypoleuca ihren Magnetkompass nicht anhand des Abenddämmerung-Polarisationsmusters rekalibrieren, doch die vorliegenden Befunde sind in Anbetracht der hohen Variabilität der Richtungspräferenzen von Vögeln problematisch. Wir haben einen neuen Satz von Experimenten mit widersprüchlichen Signalgebern durchgeführt, in dem wir (1) das Protokoll modifiziert haben, in dem Versuch, die Streuung der Daten zu reduzieren, und (2) die Ergebnisse zweier experimenteller Ansätze, Orientierungskäfige und Freilassung von mit Radiosendern versehenen Vögeln, integriert haben. Trauerschnäpper wurden in Emlen-Trichtern ohne Zugang zu Himmelssignalgebern getestet, bevor und nachdem sie widersprüchlicher visueller und geomagnetischer Information ausgesetzt worden waren. Nach dem zweiten Test wurden die Vögel mit Radiosendern versehen und solange verfolgt, bis das Radiosignal verschwand. Im Gegensatz zu vorherigen Experimenten zeigten unsere Daten eine generelle Dominanz von Himmelssignalgebern–das Polarisationsmuster des Tageshimmels bei Vögeln in Gefangenschaft, die keinen Zugang zu den Sternen hatten, und Sterne bei Vögeln, die nachts bei sichtbarem Sternenhimmel freigelassen wurden. Diese Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Bedeutung experimenteller Protokolle, wenn untersucht wird, wie Vögel ihre verschiedenen Kompasssysteme integrieren.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Able KP (1990) Comparison of vanishing bearings, orientation directions and ringing recoveries of spring migrant white-throated sparrows, Zonotrichia albicollis. J Ornithol 131:317–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Able KP, Able MA (1990) Ontogeny of migratory orientation in the Savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis: calibration of the magnetic compass. Anim Behav 39:905–913

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams DC, Anthony CD (1996) Using randomization techniques to analyse behavioural data. Anim Behav 51:733–738

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agostinelli C, Lund U (2013) R package ‘circular’: Circular Statistics (version 0.4-7). https://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/circular/

  • Barron DG, Brawn JD, Weatherhead PJ (2010) Meta-analysis of transmitter effects on avian behaviour and ecology. Methods Ecol Evol 1:180–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batschelet E (1981) Circular statistics in biology. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Chernetsov N, Kishkinev D, Kosarev V, Bolshakov CV (2011) Not all songbirds calibrate their magnetic compass from twilight cues: a telemetry study. J Exp Biol 214:2540–2543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cherry JD, Able KP (1986) An alternative method for the analysis of Emlen funnel data. Auk 103:225–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochran WW, Mouritsen H, Wikelski M (2004) Migrating songbirds recalibrate their magnetic compass daily from twilight cues. Science 304:405–408

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Santis A, Gaya-Piqué L, Dominici G, Meloni A, Torta JM, Tozzi R (2003) Italian Geomagnetic Reference Field (ITGRF): update for 2000 and secular variation model up to 2005 by autoregressive forecasting. Ann Geophys 46:491–500

    Google Scholar 

  • Emlen ST, Emlen JT (1966) A technique for recording migratory orientation of captive birds. Auk 83:361–367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaggini V, Baldaccini N, Spina F, Giunchi D (2010) Orientation of the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca: cue-conflict experiments during spring migration. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 64:1333–1342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser A (1993) A new multi-category classification of subcutaneous fat deposits on songbirds. J Field Ornithol 64:246–355

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Chernetsov N (2012) Avian orientation: multi-cue integration and calibration of compass systems. Chinese Birds 3:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchetti C, Zehtindjiev P (2009) Migratory orientation of sedge warblers (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus) in relation to eating and exploratory behaviour. Behav Process 82:293–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore BR (1980) A modification of the Rayleigh test for vector data. Biometrika 67:175–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mouritsen H (1998) Redstarts, Phoenicurus phoenicurus, can orient in a true-zero magnetic field. Anim Behav 55:1311–1324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mouritsen H, Larsen ON (1998) Migrating young Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca do not compensate for geographical displacements. J Exp Biol 201:2927–2934

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muheim R (2011) Behavioural and physiological mechanisms of polarized light sensitivity in birds. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 366:763–771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muheim R, Jenni L (1999) Nocturnal orientation of robins, Erithacus rubecula: birds caught during migratory flight are disoriented. Acta Ethol 2:43–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muheim R, Jenni L, Weindler P (1999) The orientation behaviour of chaffinches, Fringilla coelebs, caught during active migratory flight, in relation to the sun. Ethology 105:97–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muheim R, Moore FR, Phillips JB (2006a) Calibration of magnetic and celestial compass cues in migratory birds-a review of cue-conflict experiments. J Exp Biol 209:2–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muheim R, Phillips JB, Åkesson S (2006b) Polarized light cues underlie compass calibration in migratory songbirds. Science 313:837–839

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muheim R, Akesson S, Phillips J (2007) Magnetic compass of migratory Savannah sparrows is calibrated by skylight polarization at sunrise and sunset. J Ornithol 148:S485–S494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muheim R, Phillips JB, Deutschlander ME (2009) White-throated sparrows calibrate their magnetic compass by polarized light cues during both autumn and spring migration. J Exp Biol 212:3466–3472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R Core Team (2013) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. http://www.R-project.org/

  • Sandberg R, Moore FR (1996) Migratory orientation of red- eyed vireos, Vireo olivaceus, in relation to energetic condition and ecological context. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 39:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg R, Pettersson J, Alerstam T (1988) Shifted magnetic fields lead to deflected and axial orientation of migrating robins, Erithacus rubecula, at sunset. Anim Behav 36:877–887

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmaljohann H, Becker PJJ, Karaardic H, Liechti F, Neaf-Daenzer B, Grande C (2011) Nocturnal exploratory flights, departure time and direction in a migratory songbird. J Ornithol 152:439–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmaljohann H, Rautenberg T, Muheim R, Naef-Daenzer D, Bairlein F (2013) Response of a free-flying songbird to an experimental shift of the light polarization pattern around sunset. J Exp Biol 216:1381–1387

    Google Scholar 

  • Spina F, Volponi S (2008) Atlante della Migrazione degli Uccelli in Italia. 2. Passeriformi. Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare. Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Roma

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiltschko R, Wiltschko W (2003) Mechanisms of orientation and navigation in migratory birds. In: Berthold P, Gwinner E, Sonnenschein E (eds) Avian migration. Springer, Berlin, pp 433–456

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wiltschko R, Munro U, Ford H, Wiltschko W (2008a) Response to the comments by R. Muheim, S. Akesson, and JB Phillips to our paper “Contradictory results on the role of polarized light in compass calibration in migratory songbirds”. J Ornithol 149:663–664

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiltschko R, Munro U, Ford H, Wiltschko W (2008b) Contradictory results on the role of polarized light in compass calibration in migratory songbirds. J Ornithol 149:607–614

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank all the people who helped us in the field (P. O’Shaughnessy, E. Scordamaglia and all ringers working in the ringing station of Ventotene Island) and A. De Santis for the measurements of the magnetic disturbance due to radio tags. The comments of two anonymous reviewers greatly improved an earlier draft of the manuscript. This work complies with the current Italian laws on animal welfare. This study was supported by the Italian Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR–Prin 2008). Results from the “Progetto Piccole Isole” ISPRA: paper no. 53.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dimitri Giunchi.

Additional information

Communicated by H. Mouritsen.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

ESM1 (DOC 36 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Giunchi, D., Vanni, L., Baldaccini, N.E. et al. New cue-conflict experiments suggest a leading role of visual cues in the migratory orientation of Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca . J Ornithol 156, 113–121 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-014-1107-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-014-1107-z

Keywords

Navigation