Abstract
Using optimality perspectives is now regarded as an essential way of analysing and understanding adaptations and behavioural strategies in bird migration. Optimization analyses in bird migration research have diversified greatly during the two recent decades with respect to methods used as well as to topics addressed. Methods range from simple analytical and geometric models to more complex modeling by stochastic dynamic programming, annual routine models and multiobjective optimization. Also, game theory and simulation by selection algorithms have been used. A wide range of aspects of bird migration have been analyzed including flight, fuel deposition, predation risk, stopover site use, transition to breeding, routes and detours, daily timing, fly-and-forage migration, wind selectivity and wind drift, phenotypic flexibility, arrival time and annual molt and migration schedules. Optimization analyses have proven to be particularly important for defining problems and specifying questions and predictions about the consequences of minimization of energy, time and predation risk in bird migration. Optimization analyses will probably also be important in the future, when predictions about bird migration strategies can be tested by much new data obtained by modern tracking techniques and when the importance of new trade-offs, associated with, e.g., digestive physiology, metabolism, immunocompetence and disease, need to be assessed in bird migration research.
Zusammenfassung
In der Vogelzugsforschung erwiesen sich Optimierungsperspektiven für die Analyse und das Verständnis von Adaptionen und Verhaltensstrategien als äusserst essentiell. Hierbei haben sich Optimierungsanalysen in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten in der Vogelzugsforschung sowohl methodisch als auch thematisch stark diversifiziert. Dabei reichen die Methoden von einfachen, analytischen und geometrischen bis zu mehr komplexen Modellen mit stochastisch-dynamischer Programmierung, Jahresroutinemodellen und multiobjektiver Optimierung. Auch Spieltheorie und Simulierungen mit selektiven Algorithmen wurden angewandt. Analysiert wurde ein weites Spektrum von Vogelzugaspekten, darunter Vogelflug, Fettablagerung, Prädationsdruck, Rastverhalten, Übergang zum Brüten, Zugwege und Umwege, Flug- und Rastwanderungen, Tagesrhythmen, Windselektivität und Winddrift, phenotypische Plastizität, Ankunftszeit und jährliche Zug- und Mauser. Optimierungsanalysen haben sich für die Definition von Problemen und für das Spezifizieren von Fragestellungen und Voraussagen bezüglich Konsequenzen der Minimierung von Energie, Zeit und Prädationsrisiko als speziell wichtig erwiesen. Für die Zukunft werden Optimierungsanalysen wahrscheinlich an Bedeutung gewinnen, wenn es darum geht, Voraussagen über Vogelzugstrategien mit neuen Daten und moderner Technik zu testen und wenn abgeschätzt werden muss, wie wichtig neue Kompromisse in Verbindung mit zum Beispiel Verdauungsphysiologie, Metabolismus, Immunabwehr und Krankheiten sind.
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Acknowledgments
I am very grateful to Franz Bairlein for suggesting this review and for giving much support and stimulation both personally and by organizing the very fruitful 100th year Anniversary Scientific Symposium at the Institute of Avian Research in Wilhelmshaven 2010. I am also grateful to Johan Bäckman for comments and for assistance with figures, and to Heiko Schmaljohann for valuable comments. My work is funded by the Swedish Research Council and I am associated with the Centre of Animal Movement Research at Lund University.
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Communicated by F. Bairlein.