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Use of photogrammetry as a means to assess hybrids of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and long-tailed (M. fascicularis) macaques

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Abstract

Rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and long-tailed (M. fascicularis) macaques are the most commonly used non-human primate models for biomedical research, but it is difficult to identify these two species in the hybrid zone (15–20°N). In this work, we used morphological values obtained via photogrammetry to assess hybrids of rhesus and long-tailed macaques at Khao Khieow Open Zoo (KKZ; 13°21′N, 101°06′E), eastern Thailand. Long-tailed and rhesus macaques have species-specific tail lengths and contrasts of their yellowish pelages. The accuracy and precision of the relative tail length (%RTL) and the contrast of the yellow hue (Cb*) of the pelage, as obtained from photographs, were compared with the corresponding direct measurements (morphometrics). The photogrammetric and morphometric measurements of %RTL and Cb* were highly significantly correlated (r = 0.989 and 0.980, p < 0.001), and there were no significant differences between the two datasets (t test, p = 0.13 and 0.41; n = 42 and 17 for %RTL and Cb*, respectively). The reproducibilities of the %RTL and Cb* measurements (calculated in the photogrammetric case by taking photographs of the same macaques in two different environments) were significantly correlated between the datasets (r = 0.983 and 0.914, p < 0.001 and 0.005), and there were no significant differences between the datasets (t test, p = 0.539 and 0.344; n = 30 each for %RTL and Cb*, respectively). The %RTL and Cb* data were combined with data on the crown and cheek hair patterns and sex skin reddening of the macaques, and this combined data set was then analyzed by multiple correspondence analysis and agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis, leading to the categorization of the rhesus macaques, long-tailed macaques, and hybrids at KKZ into five groups. Thus, photogrammetry can be utilized to identify macaque species or hybrids when species identification relies mainly on tail length and pelage color.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Visit Arsaithamkul and his team for field assistance, and Dr. Robert Butcher, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, for proofreading the manuscript. We are grateful to the Khao Khieow Open Zoo for the permission to collect field data. This study was financially supported by the Ratchadapisek Sompoch Endowment Fund, Chulalongkorn University (Sci-Super 2014–021) and the Ministry of Science and Technology of Thailand.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zoological Science Program, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand

    Janya Jadejaroen & Suchinda Malaivijitnond

  2. Evolutionary Morphology Section, Department of Evolutionary and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Yuzuru Hamada

  3. Genome Diversity Section, Department of Evolutionary and Phylogeny, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Yoshi Kawamoto

  4. National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand

    Suchinda Malaivijitnond

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  1. Janya Jadejaroen
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  2. Yuzuru Hamada
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  3. Yoshi Kawamoto
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  4. Suchinda Malaivijitnond
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Correspondence to Suchinda Malaivijitnond.

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Jadejaroen, J., Hamada, Y., Kawamoto, Y. et al. Use of photogrammetry as a means to assess hybrids of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and long-tailed (M. fascicularis) macaques. Primates 56, 77–88 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-014-0450-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-014-0450-2

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