Abstract
d-Limonene induces expression of PDF1.2 gene and resistance against Colletotrichum higginsianum in Arabidopsis ecotype Col-0. The limonene-induced expression of PDF1.2 was diminished in jar1-1 (jasmonate resistant 1-1) plants, indicating that the response of Arabidopsis depends on jasmonic acid (JA)-regulated defense signaling pathway. In fact, systemic induction of PDF1.2 was confirmed when the Arabidopsis plants harboring the PDF1.2 promotor::GUS were exposed to limonene. A similar protective effect was also observed on Japanese mustard spinach (Brassica rapa var. perviridis) challenged with C. higginsianum, suggesting that plants are capable of recognizing gaseous limonene and activate disease resistance.
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Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge Drs. Yoshihiro Narusaka and Mari Narusaka (Research Institute of Biological Sciences Okayama, Okayama, Japan) for their gift of Arabidopsis transgenic seeds harboring the PDF1.2 promotor-GUS (β-glucuronidase) fusion gene as the reporter gene. This research was in part supported by the Research Grant for Encouragement of Students to KF from the Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan.
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10327_2015_621_MOESM1_ESM.docx
Supplementary Fig. 1 Direct effect of gaseous limonene on fungal development on ethanol-killed onion epidermal cells. A conidial suspension of Colletotrichum higginsianum (5 µL of 105 spores/mL) was dropped onto the surface of ethanol-killed onion epidermal cells in a glass vessel continuously filled with or without limonene. At 2 days after inoculation (2 dpi), germination (purple), appressorial formation (blue) and successful penetrations (yellow) were counted using a light microscope (see Fig. 1 in the text). Typical fungal development on the ethanol-killed epidermal cells in the absence or presence of limonene is shown on the right. s conidial spore, ap appressorium, ih infection hyphae. Bar indicates 50 μm. (DOCX 58 kb)
10327_2015_621_MOESM2_ESM.docx
Supplementary Fig. 2 Limonene-induced protective effect against Colletotrichum higginsianum in Arabidopsis thaliana at 6 days after inoculation (dpi). Five-week-old seedlings were treated for 24 h with or without limonene (100 µmol/L). At 1, 3 and 7 days after treatment, six 5-µL drops of a conidial suspension (106 spores/mL) were placed on each leaf (DOCX 91 kb)
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Fujioka, K., Gotoh, H., Noumi, T. et al. Protection induced by volatile limonene against anthracnose disease in Arabidopsis thaliana . J Gen Plant Pathol 81, 415–419 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-015-0621-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-015-0621-z