Abstract
An urgent need exists in Japan to reduce the use of crop protection chemicals, increase food safety, find an alternative to methyl bromide, and adopt sustainable agricultural practices. Integrated control and integrated pest management (IPM) are powerful approaches to resolve these problems. Integrated control, as described by Stern et al. (Hilgardia, 29: 81–101, 1959), was translated as sougouboujo in Japanese by Japanese entomologists and has become popular. However, this concept was first reported for rice diseases in Japan by Ito (Itoh, 28:1–204, 1932), to provide preventive control of three principal rice diseases using a combination of measures that inhibited primary infection. Many scientists in Japan have conducted research on sougouboujo. The term is still used by Japanese plant pathologists even though the Japanese government developed IPM guidelines in the 2000s. The sougouboujo concept described by Ito may be considered a type of preventive IPM based on biology. With this previous work as a foundation, research on sougouboujo in Japan is introduced as representing “integrated control.” In this report, I introduce the history of IPM in Japan including the new system of checklists based on the IPM guidelines of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) and a new IPM strategy to manage diseases caused by soilborne pathogens.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akai S (1938) On the ash figure of leaves of the rice plant grown under a combination practice of several effective measures for the control of blast disease (in Japanese with English summary). Ann Phytopath Soc Japan 7:173–192
Amano T, Torigoe Y, Ogawa K, Komada H, Ito S (1995) Development of decision support system for clubroot disease control in cabbage production based on long term prediction (in Japanese with English summary). Bull Natl Agric Res Cent 24:1–40
Bao Z, Ikunaga Y, Matsushita Y, Morimoto S, Hoshino YT, Okada H, Oba H, Takemoto S, Niwa S, Ohigashi K, Suzuki C, Nagaoka K, Takenaka M, Urashima Y, Sekiguchi H, Kushida A, Toyota K, Saito M, Tsushimaet S (2012) Combined analyses of bacterial, fungal and nematode communities in Andosolic agricultural soils in Japan. Microbes Environ 27:72–79
Bao Z, Matsushita Y, Morimoto S, Hoshino YT, Suzuki C, Nagaoka K, Takenaka M, Murakami H, Kuroyanagi Y, Urashima Y, Sekiguchi H, Kushida A, Toyota K, Saito M, Tsushima S (2013) Decrease in fungal biodiversity along an available phosphorous gradient in arable Andosol soils in Japan. Can J Microbiol 59:368–373
Epstein L, Bassein S (2003) Patterns of pesticide use in California and the implications for strategies for reduction of pesticides. Annu Rev Phytopathol 41:351–375
FAO (2013) AGP Integrated Pest Management. IPM definition. http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/ipm/en/.
Frisbie RE, Hardee DD, Wilson LT (1992) Biologically intensive pest management in the future choices for cotton. In: Zalom FC, Fry WE (eds) Food, crop pests, and the environment. APS Press, St. Paul, pp 57–82
Fujinaga M, Miyamoto K, Ogiso H, Uchiyama T, Iyama Y, Morikawa T, Natsuaki T, Inoue T (2009) The integrated control of virus diseases on Russell prairie gentian, Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn (in Japanese). Plant Prot 63:421–428
Fukaya M, Kiritani K (eds) (1973) Integrated control (in Japanese). Softscience Press, Tokyo, p 415
Hamaya E (1990) Oyo shokubutsu byorigaku yogoshu (terms for applied plant pathology). Japan Plant Protection Association, Tokyo
Hoshino YT, Matsumoto N (2004) An improved DNA extraction method using skim milk from soils that strongly adsorb DNA. Microbes Environ 19:13–19
Hoshino YT, Morimoto S (2008) Comparison of 18S rDNA primers for estimating fungal diversity in agricultural soils using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 54:701–710
Hoshino YT, Morimoto S (2010) Soil clone library analyses to evaluate specificity and selectivity of PCR primers targeting fungal 18S rDNA for denaturing-gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Microbes Environ 25:281–287
Itoh S (1932) Primary infection of principal diseases of rice and their integrated control (in Japanese). Res Bull Hokkaido Natl Agric Exp Stn 28:1–204
Itoh S, Komada H, Momma T, Amano T (1989a) Development of field diagnosis system (FDS) for preventing continuous cropping injury of crop. 12. Study of factors related the development of a prediction model of Verticillium yellow in Chinese cabbage (in Japanese with English summary). Bull Natl Agric Res Cent 16:33–53
Itoh S, Komada H, Momma T, Amano T (1989b) Development of field diagnosis system (FDS) for preventing continuous cropping injury of crop. 13. Development of a model for prediction of severity of Verticillium yellows of Chinese cabbage (in Japanese with English summary). Bull Natl Agric Res Cent 17:1–53
Iwamoto Y, Aino K (2010) Control of lettuce big-vein disease by integrated control (in Japanese). Plant Prot 64:229–234
Jacobsen BJ (1997) Role of plant pathology in integrated pest management. Annu Rev Phytopathol 35:373–391
Lewis WJ, van Lenteren JC, Phatak SC, Tumlinson JH (1997) A total system approach to sustainable pest management. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:12243–12248
MacFarlane I (1952) Factors affecting the survival of Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. in the soil and its assessment by a host test. Ann Appl Biol 39:239–256
Maekawa K, Fukushima A, Takegawa M (2011) Control of fusarium wilt of spinach by reductive soil disinfestation using Brassica juncea (in Japanese). Ann Rept Kansai Pl Prot 53:83–85
MAFF (2011) The policy of IPM for promotion (in Japanese). Plant Prot 65:381–385
MAFF (2012) The status of practical use of checklists in Japan. http://www.maff.go.jp/j/syouan/syokubo/gaicyu/g_zirei/index.html.
Momma T, Komada H, Itoh S, Ota K, Horiuchi S, Ohata K, Kitagawa Y (1988) Development of field diagnosis system (FDS) for preventing continuous cropping injury of crop. 6. Development and actual proof of the field diagnosis system for integrated control of clubroot of Chinese cabbage (in Japanese with English summary). Bull Natl Agric Res Cent 12:13–38
Momma N, Momma M, Kobara Y (2010) Biological soil disinfection using ethanol: effect on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici and soil microorganisms. J Gen Plant Pathol 76:336–344
Momma N, Kobara Y, Uematsu S, Kita N, Shinmura A (2013) Development of biological soil disinfections in Japan. Appl Microbiol Biothechnol 97:3081–3089
Morimoto S, Hoshino YT (2008) Methods for analysis of soil communities by PCR-DGGE (1): bacterial and fungal communities (in Japanese with English summary). Soil Microorg 62:63–68
Murakami H (2000) Population density of the pathogen and pathogenesis in soil-borne diseases—a case study of cruciferous clubroot. Soil Microorg 54:129–137
Murakami H (2011) Effects of fulsulfamide on soil microbial community (in Japanese). Plant Prot 65:461–646
Murakami H, Tsushima S, Shishido Y (2000a) Soil suppressiveness to clubroot disease of Chinese cabbage caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Sil Biol Biochem 32:1637–1642
Murakami H, Tsushima S, Akimoto T, Murakami K, Goto I, Shishido Y (2000b) The effects of growing leafy daikon (Raphanus sativus) on populations of Plasmodiophora brassicae (clubroot). Plant Pathol 49:584–589
Murakami H, Tsushima S, Akimoto T, Shishido Y (2001) Reduction of spore density of Plasmodiophora brassicae in soil by decoy plants. J Gen Plant Pathol 67:85–88
Murakami H, Tsushima S, Shishido Y (2002) Factors affecting the pattern of the dose response curve of clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 48:421–427
Murakami H, Tsushima S, Akimoto T, Kanno T, Shishido Y (2003) Effects of cultivation of preceding plants on the development of Fusarium wilt of cucumber and daikon. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 49:703–710
Murakami H, Tsushima S, Akimoto T, Kuroyanagi Y, Shishido Y (2011) Quantitative studies on the relationship between plowing into soil of clubbed roots of preceding crops caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae and disease severity in succeeding crops. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 50:1307–1311
Oba H, Okada H (2008) Methods for analysis of soil communities by PCR-DGGE (2): nematode community (in Japanese with English summary). Soil Micoorganisms 62:69–73
NARC manual (2012) Plant virus vaccine ‘green pepper PM’ manual (in Japanese). http://www.naro.affrc.go.jp/narc/contents/files/post_methylbromide/narc_manual.pdf
OECD (2011) Report of the OECD workshop on integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for the adaptation and Implementation of IPM in agriculture, contributing to the sustainable use of pesticides and to pesticide risk reduction, Berlin, Germany, 16–19 October 2011, http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2012)32&doclanguage=en.
Ohata K, Momma T, Kitagawa Y, Ito S, Komada H (1985) Development of field diagnosis system (FDS) for preventing continuous cropping. 1. Analysis of actual condition of continuous cropping injury and significance in developing field diagnosis system (in Japanese with English summary). Bull Natl Agric Res Cent 4:1–50
Okada H, Oba H (2008) Comparison of nematode community similarities assessed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and by morphological identification. Nematology 10:689–700
Savary S, Teng PS, Willocquet L, Nutter FW Jr (2006) Quantification and modeling of crop losses: a review of purposes. Annu Rev Phytopathol 44:89–112
Shinmura A (2002) Studies on the ecology and control of welsh onion root rot caused by Fusarium redolens. J Gen Plant Pathol 68:265
Stern VM, Smith RF, van den Bosch R, Hagen KS (1959) Integrated control concept. Hilgardia 29:81–101
Suzuki C, Nagaoka K, Shimada A, Takenaka M (2009) Bacterial communities are more dependent on soil type than fertilizer type, but the reverse is true for fungal communities. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 55:80–90
Taguchi Y (2009) Status of commercialized biological control agents in Japan. -Interactions between microorganisms and plants- (in Japanese). In: Hyakumachi M, Tsushima S (eds) Plant disease and biological control. Softscience Press, Tokyo, pp 381–387
Tanaka T (2005) Integrated control of potato scab according to incidence level (in Japanese). Plant Prot 59:218–221
Tsushima S (2001) Biological control in IPM (in Japanese with English summary). In: Tsuchiya T, Tsushima S (eds) Biological control in IPM. Phytopathological Society of Japan, Tokyo, pp 1–13
Tsushima S (2010) Development of biodiversity analysis system for agricultural soils with environmental DNA (in Japanese). Soil Microorg 64:64–69
Tsushima S, Yoshida S (2012) A new health-checkup based soil-borne disease management (HeSoDiM) and its use—Introduction of MAFF project (2011–2013). TUA (Tokyo University of Agriculture)—FFTC (Food and Fertilizer Technology Center) international seminar on emerging infectious diseases of food crops in Asia. Abstract: 204
Tsushima S, Murakami H, Akimoto T, Shishido Y (1999a) A model for integrated control of clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Conference handbook of 12th APPS (Australasian Plant Pathology Society) Biennial Conference, Canberra, p 299
Tsushima S, Murakami H, Akimoto T, Shishido Y (1999b) Integrated control of clubroot disease of Chinese cabbage by combining a decoy plant with soil assessment. Jerusalem, abstracts, XIVth International Plant Protection Congress (IPPC), p 75
Tsushima S, Fujii T, Takenaka M (2009) A Japanese research project for analysis of soil biological properties related to agriculture using environmental DNA, BAGECO10 (Bacterial Genetics and Ecology—Coexisting on a Changing Planet) Program & Abstract, p 84
Tsushima S, Murakami H, Akimoto T, Katahira M, Kuroyanagi Y, Shishido Y (2010) A practical estimating method of the dose-response curve between inoculum density of Plasmodiophora brassicae and the disease severity for long-term IPM strategies. Jpn Agric Res Q 44:383–390
Tsushima S, Matsushita Y, Bao Z, Ikunaga Y, Nagase H, Yoshida S, Saito M (2011) A environmental DNA database for agricultural soils (eDDASs). TUA (Tokyo University of Agriculture)—FFTC (Food and Fertilizer Technology Center) international seminar on emerging infectious diseases of food crops in Asia. Abstract: 203
Ui T (1982) Botany of School of Agriculture of Hokkaido University and Hokkaido Prefecture. 100 years of the Hokkaido University: 881–892
Umekawa M, Miyai S, Yano E, Takahashi K (2005) IPM manual: Integrated pest management (in Japanese). Yokendo, Tokyo
Yasui M (2012) Current state and several problems of microbial fungicides (in Japanese with English summary). In: Tsushima S, Aino M (eds) Biological control in IPM. Phytopathological Society of Japan, Tokyo, pp 28–35
Yonemoto K, Hirota K, Mizuguchi S, Sakaguchi K (2006) Utilization of the sterilization by soil reduction in an open air field and its efficacy against Fusarium wilt of strawberry. Protec Shikoku Proc Assoc P1 41:15–24
Zadoks C (1985) On the conceptual basis of crop assessment: the threshold theory. Annu Rev Phytopathol 23:455–475
Acknowledgments
Part of this work was financially supported by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan through the research project “Development of technologies for mitigation and adaptation to climate change in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries”.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tsushima, S. Integrated control and integrated pest management in Japan: the need for various strategies in response to agricultural diversity. J Gen Plant Pathol 80, 389–400 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-014-0538-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-014-0538-y