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Worldwide contamination of water by fluoride

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Abstract

Fluoride contamination in water is a major problem across the globe, with health hazards such as dental and skeletal fluorosis. Most earlier studies are confined to local or regional scales. As the problem has serious socioeconomic implications, there is a need for a global perspective. Thus, here we review worldwide research for nearly a century on fluoride contamination in water. We investigated the distribution of fluoride contamination in water, its sources, mobilization and association. The major findings are: (1) Anomalous fluoride concentration in groundwater is mainly confined to arid and semiarid regions of Asia and North Africa. (2) The geogenic sources of fluoride in water are mainly fluorine-bearing minerals in rocks and sediments, whereas anthropogenic sources of fluoride in water are mainly pesticides and industrial waste. (3) Fluoride mobilization from geogenic sources is mainly controlled by alkalinity and temperature. (4) Fluoride occurrence in water is associated with ions such as sodium, arsenic chloride and bicarbonate. There are few associations of fluoride in water with calcium and magnesium.

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Acknowledgments

The first author (SA) acknowledges University of Delhi for financial support through Non-NET scholarship. The third author (AS) acknowledges CSIR for financial support through SRF. We thank Eric Lichtfouse, Editor in Chief and two anonymous reviewers for their critical comments on this manuscript.

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  1. Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India

    Shakir Ali, Sachin Kumar Thakur, Aditya Sarkar & Shashank Shekhar

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  1. Shakir Ali
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  2. Sachin Kumar Thakur
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  3. Aditya Sarkar
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  4. Shashank Shekhar
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Correspondence to Shakir Ali.

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Ali, S., Thakur, S.K., Sarkar, A. et al. Worldwide contamination of water by fluoride. Environ Chem Lett 14, 291–315 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-016-0563-5

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