Skip to main content
Log in

Genetic diversity of Pinus densiflora pollen flowing over fragmented populations during a mating season

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Forest Research

Abstract

We attempted to evaluate the genetic diversity of long-distance transported pollen flowing over fragmented Pinus densiflora populations during a mating season. A P. densiflora clonal seed orchard, which was located in a rural area where many fragmented populations exist, was selected for pollen capture. Immigrant pollen captured by three clones having different flowering times was regarded as the pollen flowing over fragmented populations during a mating season. The genetic diversity (H e) values of the immigrant pollen captured by the three clones were high (H e > 0.894). The correlation of paternity (r p) values of the seeds having immigrant parent generated from the three clones were calculated to be negative. From these parameters, the pollen cloud is considered to have maintained high genetic diversity during the mating season. The genetic composition of the pollen cloud showed slight variation. The pollen captured by different trees (i.e., clonal ramets of the three clones) was significantly different based on analysis of molecular variance. Especially, the pollen pools captured by trees planted in the western side of the orchard were significantly different from the gene pool of the surrounding populations. Factors affecting this differentiation could be that the donors of the pollen transported to the orchard vary with time, as well as nonuniform dispersal of the pollen. From these results, the pollen flowing over fragmented P. densiflora populations is considered to have high genetic diversity, compensating to some extent for fragmentation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Austerlitz F, Smouse PE (2002) Two-generation analysis of pollen flow across a landscape: IV. Estimating the dispersal parameter. Genetics 161:355–363

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bannert M, Stamp P (2007) Cross-pollination of maize at long distance. Eur J Agron 27:44–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burczyk J, Chalupka W (1997) Flowering and cone production variability and its effect on parental balance in a Scots pine clonal seed orchard. Ann For Sci 54:129–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chung M-S (1981) Flowering characteristics of Pinus sylvestris L. with special emphasis on the reproductive adaptation to local temperature factor. Acta For Fenn 169:1–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Devlin B, Ellstrand NC (1990) The development and application of a refined method for estimating gene flow from angiosperm paternity analysis. Evolution 44:248–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dow BD, Ashley MV (1998) Factors influencing male mating success in bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa. New For 15:161–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Kassaby YA, Jaquish B (1996) Population density and mating pattern in western larch. J Hered 87:438–443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellstrand NC (1992) Gene flow by pollen: implications for plant conservation genetics. Oikos 63:77–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson U, Jansson G, Yazdani R, Wilhelmsson L (1995) Effects of supplemental mass pollination (SMP) in a young and a mature seed orchard of Pinus sylvestris. Tree Physiol 15:519–526

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM (1992) Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics 131:479–491

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández-Manjarrés JF, Sork VL (2005) Mating patterns of a subdivided population of the Andean oak (Quercus humboldtii Bonpl., Fagaceae). J Hered 96:635–643

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto Y, Toda T, Nishimura K, Yamate H, Fuyuno S (1989) Breeding project on resistance to the pine-wood nematode: an outline of the research and the achievement of the project for ten years. Bull For Tree Breed Inst 7:1–84 (in Japanese with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Giertych MM (1965) Systematic lay-outs for seed orchards. Silvae Genet 14:91–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerber S, Mariette S, Streiff R, Bodenes C, Kremer A (2000) Comparison of microsatellites and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers for parentage analysis. Mol Ecol 9:1037–1048

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber S, Chabrier P, Kremer A (2003) FAMOZ: a software for parentage analysis using dominant, codominant and uniparentally inherited markers. Mol Ecol Notes 3:479–481

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goto S, Watanabe A, Miyahara F, Mori Y (2005) Reproductive success of pollen derived from selected and non-selected sources and its impact on the performance of crops in a nematode-resistant Japanese black pine seed orchard. Silvae Genet 54:69–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Goudet J (2001) FSTAT, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices (version 2.9.3). http://www2.unil.ch/popgen/softwares/fstat.htm

  • Hardy OJ (2003) Estimation of pairwise relatedness between individuals and characterization of isolation-by-distance processes using dominant genetic markers. Mol Ecol 12:1577–1588

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harju A, Muona O (1989) Background pollination in Pinus sylvestris seed orchards. Scand J For Res 4:513–520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartl DL, Clark AG (2007) Principles of population genetics. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalinowski ST, Taper ML, Marshall TC (2007) Revising how the computer program CERVUS accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment. Mol Ecol 16:1099–1106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lian C, Miwa M, Hogetsu T (2000) Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the Japanese red pine, Pinus densiflora. Mol Ecol 9:1186–1187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lian C, Miwa M, Hogetsu T (2001) Outcrossing and paternity analysis of Pinus densiflora (Japanese red pine) by microsatellite polymorphism. Heredity 87:88–98

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren D, Paule L, Xihuan S, Yazdani R, Segerström U, Wallin J-E, Lejdebro ML (1995) Can viable pollen carry Scots pine genes over long distances? Grana 34:64–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nason JD, Hamrick JL (1997) Reproductive and genetic consequences of forest fragmentation: two case studies of neotropical canopy trees. J Hered 88:264–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nei M (1987) Molecular evolutionary genetics. Columbia University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell LM, Mosseler A, Rajora OP (2006) Impacts of forest fragmentation on the mating system and genetic diversity of white spruce (Picea glauca) at the landscape level. Heredity 97:418–426

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell LM, Mosseler A, Rajora OP (2007) Extensive long-distance pollen dispersal in a fragmented landscape maintains genetic diversity in white spruce. J Hered 98:640–645

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okubo A, Levin SA (1989) A theoretical framework for data analysis of wind dispersal of seeds and pollen. Ecology 70:329–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozawa H, Watanabe J, Chen H, Isoda K, Watanabe A (2009) The impact of phenological and artificial factors on seed quality in a nematode-resistant Pinus densiflora seed orchard. Silvae Genet 58:145–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Peakall R, Smouse PE (2006) GENALEX 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Mol Ecol Notes 6:288–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajora OP, Mosseler A, Major JE (2002) Mating system and reproductive fitness traits of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) in large, central versus small, isolated, marginal populations. Can J Bot 80:1173–1184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ritland K (1989) Correlated matings in the partial selfer Mimulus guttatus. Evolution 43:848–859

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ritland K (2002) Extensions of models for the estimation of mating systems using n independent loci. Heredity 88:221–228

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robledo-Arnuncio JJ, Gil L (2005) Patterns of pollen dispersal in a small population of Pinus sylvestris L. revealed by total-exclusion paternity analysis. Heredity 94:13–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robledo-Arnuncio JJ, Alía R, Gil L (2004) Increased selfing and correlated paternity in a small population of a predominantly outcrossing conifer, Pinus sylvestris. Mol Ecol 13:2567–2577

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schueler S, Schluünzen KH (2006) Modeling of oak pollen dispersal on the landscape level with a mesoscale atmospheric model. Environ Model Assess 11:179–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuster WSF, Mitton JB (2000) Paternity and gene dispersal in limber pine (Pinus flexilis James). Heredity 84:348–361

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiraishi S, Watanabe A (1995) Identification of chloroplast genome between Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc and P. thunbergii Parl. based on the polymorphism in rbcL gene. J Jpn For Soc 77:429–436 (in Japanese with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Smouse PE, Dyer RJ, Westfall RD, Sork VL (2001) Two-generation analysis of pollen flow across a landscape. I. Male gamete heterogeneity among females. Evolution 55:260–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoehr M, Mehl H, Nicholson G, Pieper G, Newton C (2006) Evaluating supplemental mass pollination efficacy in a lodgepole pine orchard in British Columbia using chloroplast DNA markers. New For 31:83–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takayama Y (1968) Studies on the seed orchard of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sied. et Zucc.). (III) Clonal differences in flowering date. J Jpn For Soc 50:103–108 (in Japanese with English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe A, Iwaizumi MG, Ubukata M, Kondo T, Lian C, Hogetu T (2006) Isolation of microsatellite markers from Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. using a dual PCR techniques. Mol Ecol Notes 6:80–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White GM, Boshier DH, Powell W (2002) Increased pollen flow counteracts fragmentation in a tropical dry forest: an example from Swietenia humilis Zuccarini. P Natl Acad Sci USA 99:2038–2042

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young AG, Merriam HG (1994) Effects of forest fragmentation on the spatial genetic structure of Acer saccharum Marsh. (sugar maple) populations. Heredity 72:201–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Atsushi Watanabe.

About this article

Cite this article

Ozawa, H., Watanabe, A., Uchiyama, K. et al. Genetic diversity of Pinus densiflora pollen flowing over fragmented populations during a mating season. J For Res 17, 488–498 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10310-011-0322-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10310-011-0322-1

Keywords

Navigation