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Phylogeny of New World Salvia subgenus Calosphace (Lamiaceae) based on cpDNA (psbA-trnH) and nrDNA (ITS) sequence data

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Abstract

Salvia subgenus Calosphace (Lamiaceae) is economically and ethnomedicinally significant and comprised of more than 500 species. Although strongly supported as monophyletic, it has received no comprehensive systematic research since the initial establishment of 91 taxonomic sections in 1939. Representative taxa of 73 sections of Calosphace were sampled to investigate the phylogenetic relationships and identify major lineages using chloroplast (intergenic spacer psbA-trnH) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (internal transcribed spacer). Phylogenetic analysis of the combined data sets established monophyly of seven sections (Blakea, Corrugatae, Erythrostachys, Hastatae, Incarnatae, Microsphace, and Sigmoideae) and four major lineages (S. axillaris, “Hastatae clade”, “Uliginosae clade”, and “core Calosphace”). Sections spanning two or more centers of diversity are not supported by our results; rather, supported relationships exhibit significant geographic structure. Mexico is supported as the geographic origin of Calosphace, and no more than seven dispersal events to South America are required to account for current disjunct distributions.

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Acknowledgments

This paper represents a portion of PhD dissertation submitted to the University of California at Riverside for partial fulfillment of the first author’s doctoral degree. We thank Giles Waines and Travis Columbus for technical advise and the following herbaria for loaning specimens: University of Wisconsin, Madison Herbarium (WIS), Missouri Botanic Garden (MO), Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Germany (MJG), and Field Museum of Natural History (F). This project was supported by grants from The Botanical Society of America and the Pacific Rim Association of the University of California.

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  1. 204 Gonzales Road, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA

    Aaron A. Jenks

  2. 537 Lexington Road, Sapulpa, OK, 74066, USA

    Jay B. Walker

  3. Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Korea

    Seung-Chul Kim

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  1. Aaron A. Jenks
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Correspondence to Aaron A. Jenks or Seung-Chul Kim.

Appendix

Appendix

List of taxa sampled in this study with voucher information (collector, collection number, and herbarium where specimen is deposited) or literature citation for previous published sequences. Sequences are listed alphabetically by genus and species. Herbarium acronyms: UCR = University of California, Riverside, USA; WIS = University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA; MO = Missouri Botanic Garden, USA; F = Field Museum of Natural History, USA; MJG = Johannes Gutenberg-Universaität Mainz, Germany. Other abbreviations: cult. = from cultivated material; UCRBG = University of California, Riverside, Botanic Garden, Riverside, CA, USA; WSN = Richard DuFresne’s World of Salvias Nursery, Star, NC, USA.

Dorystaechas hastata Boiss. & Heldr. ex Benth., 1972-0177D (MJG); Salvia adenophora Fern., Crone 7/8/00 (MJG); S. agnes Epl., B. Carlson s/n (UCR); S. alamosana Rose, J. Walker 3040 (WIS); S. albo - caerulea Lind., Walker (2006); S. alborsea Epl. & Játiva-M., Sagastegui et al. 15910 (F); S. amarissima Ort., Lott 3404 (UCR); S. amplifrons Briq., P. Wester 141 (MJG); S. angulata Benth., Walker (2006); S. angustiarum Epl., Peterson 629 (WIS); S. arbuscula Fern., Tenorio 16911 (WIS); S. areolata Epl., Cahill 2966 (UCR); S. articulata Epl., Walker (2006); S. aspera Mart. & Gal., J. Walker 3021 (WIS); S. atrocyanea Epl., P. Wester 3 (MJG); S. axillaris Moc. & Sessé ex Benth., Breedlove 59702 (WIS); S. azurea Michx. ex Lam., J. Walker 3222 (WIS); S. ballotaeflora Benth., J.B. Walker 2547 (WIS); S. bangii Rusby, P. Wester 10 (MJG); S. betulaefolia Epl., Van Devender s/n (UCR); S. blepharophylla Brandegee, cult., UCRBG; S. brevipes Benth., Walker (2006); S. cacaliifolia Benth., J.B. Walker 1203 (WIS); S. californica Brandegee, J.B. Walker 2520 (WIS); S. candicans Mart. & Gal., J. Walker 3001 (WIS); S. cardinalis Kunth, cult., WSN; S. carnea var. carnea Kunth, Boeke 2366 (MO); S. cedrosensis Greene, cult., Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, CA, USA; S. cerradicola Santos, Walker (2006); S. cf. pusilla Fern., Crone 29/7/00 (MJG); S. cf. stolonifera Benth., J. Walker 3002 (WIS); S. chamaedryoides Cav., J. Walker 2009 (WIS); S. chapalensis Briq., J. Walker 3029 (WIS); S. chiapensis Fern., cult., UCRBG; S. chionophylla Fern., cult., WSN; S. cinnabarina Mart. & Gal., J. Walker 3030 (WIS); S. clinopodioides Kunth, Iltis 28770 (WIS); S. coahuilensis Fern., cult., UCRBG; S. coccinea Juss. ex Murr.,, cult., UCRBG; S. concolor Lamb. ex Benth., Reisfield 1286 (WIS); S. confertiflora Pohl, 1959-9166A (WIS); S. corrugata Vahl., Jenks 256 (UCR); S. cuatrecasana Epl., Walker (2006); S. curtiflora Epl., P. Wester 294 (MJG); S. cyanicalyx Epl., Schmidt-Lebuhn 578 (MJG); S. discolor Kunth, J.B. Walker 2546 (WIS); S. disjuncta Fern., J. Walker 3018 (WIS); S. divinorum Epl. & Játiva-M., Jenks 237 (UCR); S. dombeyi Epl., 1959-9269A (WIS); S. dorisiana Standley, 2000-1632A (WIS); S. elegans Vahl, J.B. Walker 1204 (WIS); S. erythrostoma ssp. isabelina Fernández-A., Fernandez & Castillo 12308 (MO); S. faccidifolia Fern., Reisfield & Sundberg 1212 (MO); S. farinacea Benth., J.B. Walker 2525 (WIS); S. florida Benth., Schmidt-Lebuhn 450 (MJG); S. formosa L’Hérit., Gentry et al. 19240 (F); S. forreri Greene, J.B. Walker 2098 (WIS); S. fruticulosa Benth., Crone 1/8/00 (MJG); S. fulgens Cav., 1967-1496A (WIS); S. gesneraeflora Lindl. & Paxton, cult., UCRBG; S. gilliesii Benth., P. Wester 13 (MJG); S. glechomaefolia Kunth, cult., WSN; S. gracilipes Epl., Steyermark 55997 (F); S. graciliramulos Epl.&Játiva-M., P. Wester 14 (MJG); S. gravida Epl., cult., WSN; S. greatae Brandegee, J.B. Walker 2511 (WIS); S. greggii Gray, cult., UCRBG; S. grewiifolia S. Moore, P. Wester 15 (MJG); S. guaranitica St.Hil. ex Benth., cult., UCRBG; S. haenkei Benth., P. Wester 71 (MJG); S. herbacea Benth., Torres 448 (WIS); S. hilarii Benth., Walker (2006); S. hirtella Vahl, Schmidt-Lebuhn 395 (WIS); S. holwayi Blake, cult., UCRBG; S. inconspicua Benth., J. Walker 3045 (WIS); S. infuscata Epl., Cowan 5011 (UCR); S. involucrata Cav., cult., UCRBG; S. iodantha Fern., cult., UCRBG; S. ionocalyx Epl., cult. (labeled incorrectly as “S. chiapensis”), UCRBG; S. jacobi Epl., cult. (as S. sp. “Blue Chiquita”), WSN; S. karwinskii Benth., cult., UCRBG; S. keerlii Benth., cult., WSN; S. languidula Epl., Sanders 10409 (UCR); S. lasiantha Benth., J. Walker 3009 (WIS); S. lavanduloides Kunth, J. Walker 3044 (WIS); S. leptophylla Benth., 1978-1159A (WIS); S. leucantha Cav., J.B. Walker 1205 (WIS); S. leucocephala Kunth, Walker (2006); S. leucochlamys Epl., Cahill 2963 (UCR); S. lineata Benth., Crone 12/8/00 (MJG); S. littae Vis., cult., WSN; S. lobbii Epl., Schmidt-Lebuhn 475 (MJG); S. longispicata Mart. & Gal., J. Walker 3034 (WIS); S. longistyla Benth., J. Walker 3036 (WIS); S. lycioides Gray, cult. (incorrectly as “S. villosa”), WSN; S. macellaria Epl., J.B. Walker 2047 (WIS); S. macrophylla Benth., Riina 1472 (WIS); S. madrensis Seem., Peterson 738 (WIS); S. melissodora Lag., cult., WSN; S. mellifera Greene, J.B. Walker 2550 (WIS); S. mexicana L., Jenks & Tempchin 224 (UCR); S. mexicana var. minor Benth. (forma alba), cult., WSN; S. mexicana var. minor Benth., cult., UCRBG; S. microphylla Kunth, Jenks & Tempchin 207 (UCR); S. microphylla var. neurepia (Fern.) Epl., 1959-9360 (WIS); S. microphylla var. wislizeni Gray, (UCR); S. miniata Fern., Holst 5895 (MO); S. misella Kunth, J. Walker 3025 (WIS); S. mocinoi Benth., Crone 15/9/00 (MJG); S. moniliformis Fern., Crone 15/9/00 (MJG); S. muelleri Epl., cult., WSN; S. nervata Mart. & Gal., P. Wester 292 (MJG); S. oaxacana Fern., Salinas-T. F-2705 (UCR); S. occidentalis Swartz, J.B. Walker 612 (WIS); S. oppositiflora Ruiz & Pav., Riina 1477 (WIS); S. orbignii Benth., P. Wester 43 (MJG); S. ovalifolia St. Hil. ex Benth., Sytsma 7226 (WIS); S. oxyphora Briq., P. Wester 16 (MJG); S. pansamalensis J.D. Smith, A. Mendez Ton 7353 (WIS); S. parryii Gray, cult., UCRBG; S. patens Cav., 1973-9197 (RBG); S. peninsularis Brandegee, Moran 18786 (MO); S. personata Epl., P. Wester 17 (MJG); S. pichinchensis Benth., Ollgaard & Balslev 9508 (F); S. pinguifolia (Fern.) Woot. & Standl., P. Wester 372 (MJG); S. platystoma Epl., P. Wester 18 (MJG); S. polystachya Ort. (morphotype 1), Jenks & Tempchin 205 (UCR); S. polystachya Ort. (morphotype 2), Jenks & Tempchin 216 (UCR); S. praeclara Epl., P. Wester 32 (MJG); S. prasiifolia Benth., cult. (as S. caudata “El Cielo Blue”), WSN; S . procurrens Benth., Bonif 941 (WIS); S. prunelloides Benth., Crone 15/9/00 (MJG); S. pubescens Benth., J. Walker 3043 (WIS); S. pulchella D.C., cult., WSN; S. purpurea Cav., cult., UCRBG; S. ramosa Brandegee, J. Walker 3008 (WIS); S. recurva Benth., Jenks & Tempchin 212 (UCR); S. reflexa Hornem., J. Walker 3020 (WIS); S. regla Cav., cult., WSN; S. retinerva Briq., Riina 1508a (WIS); S. rhombifolia Ruiz & Pav., J. Wood 2002 (WIS); S. rubescens Kunth, P. Wester 442 (MJG); S. rufula Kunth., Walker (2006); S. rusbyi Britton ex Rusby, P. Wester 31 (MJG); S. rypara Briq., P. Wester 32 (MJG); S. sagittata Ruiz & Pav., cult., UCRBG; S. scabrida Pohl, Pirani 5225 (WIS); S. scutellaroides Kunth, Schmidt-Lebuhn 496 (MJG); S. semiatrata Zucc., cult., WSN; S. sessei Benth., Crone 15/9/00 (MJG); S. setulosa Fern., Crone 30/7/00 (MJG); S. sharpii Epl. & Math., J.B. Walker s/n (WIS); S. sinaloensis Fern., cult., WSN; S. sohrona Briq., P. Wester 34 (MJG); S. speciosa Presl. ex Benth., Soriano 465 (F); S. sphacelaefolia Epl., Lubinsky 264 (UCR); S. splendens Sellow ex Roem. & Schultes, cult., UCRBG; S. stachydifolia Benth., P. Wester 35 (MJG); S. styphelus Epl., Schmidt-Lebuhn 495 (MJG); S. tepicensis Fern., Van Devender 95-470 (UCR); S. thymoides Benth., cult., WSN; S. tiliifolia Vahl, P. Wester 32 (MJG); S. tolimensis Kunth., Walker (2006); S. tomentella Pohl, Walker (2006); S. tortuosa Kunth, Walker (2006); S. tricuspidata Mart. & Gal., J. Walker 3037 (WIS); S. tubifera Cav., P. Wester 231 (MJG); S. tubiflora Smith, cult., WSN; S. uliginosa Benth., 1984-9105B (WIS); S. urica Epl., cult., UCRBG; S. vazquezii Iltis & Ram. (in preparation), P. Wester 196 (MJG); S. venulosa Epl., Wood 5381 (MO); S. vitifolia Benth., J. Walker 3032 (WIS); S. wagneriana Polak., cult., UCRBG; S. xalapensis Benth., Jenks & Tempchin 214 (UCR).

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Jenks, A.A., Walker, J.B. & Kim, SC. Phylogeny of New World Salvia subgenus Calosphace (Lamiaceae) based on cpDNA (psbA-trnH) and nrDNA (ITS) sequence data. J Plant Res 126, 483–496 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-012-0543-1

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