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Whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) Response to Varying Potassium and Sodium Concentrations: A Model of Mining Water Toxic Response

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Abstract

Boreal waters are typically low in minerals and oligotrophic, and therefore particularly sensitive to changes in mineral composition. We investigated the effects of potassium and the potassium: sodium (K+: Na+) ratio in freshwater on growth performance and oxidative stress in a typical northern species of whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus. Fish were subjected to 0.8 mM Na and 4.4 mM K, which corresponds to the K+:Na+ ratio in a lake contaminated by mining wastes from the Kostomuksha iron mine and ore dressing mill in northwestern Russia. The control group was subjected to water with similar mineralization levels and equal amounts of Na and K (approximately 0.3 mM of each). Potassium excess caused a decrease in fish growth rate and oxidative stress, as indicated by the level of lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA). Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity and the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) were not affected by cation composition.

Zusammenfassung

Boreale Gewässer sind gewöhnlich schwach mineralisiert und oligotroph, und daher besonders empfindlich gegenüber Änderungen ihrer Ionenzusammensetzung. Wir untersuchten die Einflüsse von Kalium und des Verhältnisses von Kalium zu Natrium (K+ : Na+) im Süßwasser auf die Wachstumsleistung und den oxidativen Stress einer typischen im Norden verbreiteten Maränenart, Coregonus lavaretus. Die Fische wurden Konzentrationen von 0,8 mM Na+ und 4,4 mM K+ ausgesetzt, die dem K+ : Na+ Verhältnis eines Sees entsprachen, der durch Bergbauabfälle der Kostomuksha Eisenzeche und Erzaufbereitunghütte in Nordwestrussland verunreinigt ist. Eine Kontrollgruppe von Versuchstieren wurde in einem Wasser mit ähnlichem Mineralisierungsgrad, jedoch gleichhoher Konzentration von Na+ and K+ (jeweils ungefähr 0,3 mM) gehältert. Der Kaliumüberschuss verursachte einen Rückgang der Wachstumsleistung der Fische und einen oxidativen Stress, der durch den Gehalt des Lipidabbauprodukts Malondialdehyd (MDA) angezeigt wurde. Die Aktivität der Glutathion-S-Transferase (GST) und der Gehalt des reduzierten Glutathions (GSH) wurden durch die Kationenzusammensetzung nicht beeinträchtigt.

Resumen

Las aguas boreales son bajas en minerales y oligotróficas y, debido a ello, son particularmente sensibles a cambios en la composición mineral. Hemos investigado los efectos del potasio y de la relación potasio:sodio (K+: Na+) en agua fresca sobre el crecimiento y el estrés oxidativo en una típica especie de peces del norte: lavareto, Coregonus lavaretus. Los peces fueron expuestos a 0,8 mM de Na y 4,4 mM de K, que corresponde a la relación K+:Na+ en un lago contaminado con residuos mineros de la mina de hierro Kostomuksha en el noroeste de Rusia. El grupo control estuvo expuesto a agua con iguales niveles de mineralización e iguales cantidades de Na y K (aproximadamente 0,3 mM de cada uno). El exceso de K causó un decrecimiento en la velocidad de crecimiento del pez y estrés oxidativo, según indica el nivel de malondialdehido (MDA) que es producto de la peroxidación lipídica. La actividad de la glutatión-S-transferasa (GST) y el nivel de glutatión reducido (GSH) no fueron afectados por la composición catiónica

贝加尔白鲑(突唇白鲑)对钾、钠浓度变化的反应:一种矿井水毒理反应方式

北方针叶林区的湖水以低矿物质和富氧为典型特征,湖水水质类型常因矿物质微弱改变而变化。研究了钾和钾钠比对贝加尔白鲑(突唇白鲑)生长状况和氧化应激的影响。试验组水质为钠0.8 mM和钾4.4 mM,钾钠比模拟了俄罗斯西北部受Kostomuksha铁矿和矿石加工厂污染的湖水环境。对照组水质为钠和钾分别为0.3 mM,具有与试验组相似的矿物质水平。依据脂过氧化作用的产物MDA推断,过量钾使鱼生长速度和氧化应激减慢。谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)的活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH) 水平的降低并未受阳离子成分变化的影响。

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Acknowledgements

The research was made in the frame of the budgetary theme No. 0221-2014-0033 and the Program of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences no. 21 “Biodiversity of Natural Systems. Biological Resources of Russia: State Evaluation and Fundamental Bases of Monitoring,” project no. 0221-2015-0003 “Dynamics of Changes in Ichthyofauna of Freshwater Ecosystems of Russian European North under Climatic and Anthropogenic Influence.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biology of Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya Str 11, Petrozavodsk, 185000, Russia

    E.V. Borvinskaya, I.V. Sukhovskaya, O.B. Vasil’eva & L.P. Smirnov

  2. Research Institute of Biology of Irkutsk State University, Lenina Str 3, Irkutsk, 664003, Russia

    E.V. Borvinskaya

  3. Vologda State University, Lenina St. 15, Vologda, 160035, Russia

    M.A. Nazarova

  4. Institute of Geology of Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya Str 11, Petrozavodsk, 185000, Russia

    S.A. Svetov & N.V. Krutskikh

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  1. E.V. Borvinskaya
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  2. I.V. Sukhovskaya
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  3. O.B. Vasil’eva
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  4. M.A. Nazarova
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  5. L.P. Smirnov
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  6. S.A. Svetov
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  7. N.V. Krutskikh
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Correspondence to N.V. Krutskikh.

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Borvinskaya, E., Sukhovskaya, I., Vasil’eva, O. et al. Whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) Response to Varying Potassium and Sodium Concentrations: A Model of Mining Water Toxic Response. Mine Water Environ 36, 393–400 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-016-0426-0

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