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Hydrogeochemistry and Contamination of Trace Elements in Cu-Porphyry Mine Tailings: A Case Study from the Sarcheshmeh Mine, SE Iran

Hydrochemie und Kontamination durch Spurenelemente in Tailings von Porphykupfererz: Eine Fallstudie von der Grube Sarcheshme im Südost-Iran

Hidroquímica y Contaminación de Elementos Traza en las Colas de Minas de Cu Porfirítico; Un Caso de Estudio en la Mina Sarcheshmeh, SE Irán

斑岩铜矿尾矿中微量元素的水文地球化学和污染特性:以伊朗东南Sarcheshmeh铜矿为例

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Abstract

Geochemical and hydrochemical investigations were performed to understand the contamination potential of the Sarcheshmeh mine tailings. The geochemical mobility for the tailings is as follows: Cu > Cd > Co > Zn > Ni > Mn > S > Cr > Sn > As > Se > Fe = Bi > Sb = Pb = Mo. Highly mobile and contaminant elements (Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, Ni, S, and Cr), which significantly correlated with each other, were mainly concentrated in the surface evaporative layer of the old, weathered tailings, due to the high evaporation rate, which causes subsurface water to migrate upward via capillary action. The contamination potential associated with the tailings is controlled by: (1) dissolution of secondary evaporative soluble phases, especially after rainfall on the old weathered tailings, accompanied by low pH and high contamination loads of Al, Cd, Co, Mg, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, S, Se, and Zn; (2) processing of the Cu-porphyry ore under alkaline conditions, which is responsible for the high Mo (mean of 2.55 mg/L) and very low values of other contaminants in fresh tailings in the decantation pond; (3) low mobility of As, Fe, Pb, Sb, Mo, and Sn due to natural adsorption and co-precipitation in the tailings oxidizing zone. Speciation modeling showed that sulfate complexes (MSO4 +, M(SO4)(aq), M(SO4) −22 , and M(SO4) −2 ) and free metal species (M+2 and M+3) are the dominant forms of dissolved cations in the acidic waters associated with the weathered tailings. In the alkaline and highly alkaline waters, trace element speciation was controlled by various hydroxide complexes, such as M(OH)+, M(OH) −3 , M3(OH) +24 , M2(OH) +3 , M(OH)2(aq), M(OH) −24 , Me(OH) +2 , Me(OH) −4 , Me(OH) +2 , Me(OH)3(aq), and Me(OH) −4 (where M represents bivalent and Me represents trivalent cations). The speciation pattern of As, Mo, and Se is mainly dominated by oxy-anion forms. The obtained results can be used as a basis for environmental management of the Cu-porphyry mine tailings.

Zusammenfassung

Zur Klärung des Kontaminationspotentials der Tailings der Grube Sarcheshmeh wurden geochemische und hydrochemische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die geochemische Mobilität in den Tailings war wie folgt: Cu > Cd > Co > Zn > Ni > Mn > S > Cr > Sn > As > Se > Fe = Bi > Sb = Pb = Mo. Sehr mobile und kontaminierende Elemente (Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, Ni, S und Cr), die untereinander signifikant korrelierten, waren vor allem in der Oberflächen-Verdunstungsschicht der alten, verwitterten Tailings angereichert, bedingt durch die hohe Verdunstungsrate und den kapillare Aufstieg von Wasser. Das Kontaminationspotential der Tailings wird bestimmt durch: (1) Auflösung löslicher, sekundärer, evaporativer Phasen, insbesondere nach Regen auf den alten, verwitterten Tailings, verbunden mit niedrigem pH-Wert und hohen Frachten von Al, Cd, Co, Mg, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, S, Se und Zn; (2) Umsetzung von Porphyrkupfererz unter alkalischen Bedingungen, was für die hohen Mo-Konzentrationen (Mittelwert 2,55 mg/L) und die sehr niedrigen Konzentrationen anderer Kontaminanten in frischen Tailings im Dekantierungsbecken verantwortlich ist; (3) niedrige Modilität von As, Fe, Pb, Sb, Mo und Sn wegen der natürlichen Adsorption und Mitfällung in der Tailings-Oxidationszone. Speziationsberechnungen zeigten, dass Sulfatkomplexe (MSO4 +, M(SO4)(aq), M(SO4) 2−2 ) und freie Metallspezies (M2+ und M3+) die dominierenden Formen der Metallionen in sauren Wässern der verwitterten Tailings waren. In den alkalischen und sehr alkalischen Wässern wurde die Spurenelementspziation durch Hydroxokomplexe bestimmt, wie z.B. M(OH)+, M(OH) −3 , M3(OH) 2+4 , M2(OH) +3 , M(OH)2(aq), M(OH) 2−4 , Me(OH) +2 , Me(OH) −4 , Me(OH) +2 , Me(OH)3(aq), and Me(OH) −4 (wobei M bivalente und Me trivalente Kationen repräsentieren). Das Speziationsmuster von As, Mo und Se wurde durch Oxi-Anionen dominiert. Die Ergebnisse können als Basis für das Umweltmanagement der Porphyrkupfererz-Tailings verwendet werden.

Resumen

Se realizaron investigaciones geoquímicas e hidroquímicas para comprender el potencial contaminante de las colas de la mina Sarcheshmeh. La movilidad geoquímica de las colas es la siguiente: Cu > Cd > Co > Zn > Ni > Mn > S > Cr > Sn > As > Se > Fe = Bi > Sb = Pb = Mo. Los elementos contaminantes y de alta movilidad (Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, Ni, S y Cr), que se correlacionan significativamente entre sí, estaban principalmente concentrados en la capa superficial de las colas erosionadas debido a la alta tasa de evaporación que causa que el agua subsuperficial migre hacia arriba por acción capilar. La potencial contaminación de las colas está controlada por: (1) disolución de fases secundarias solubles especialmente después de lluvias sobre las colas erosionadas, acompañadas por bajo pH y cargas de alta contaminación de Al, Cd, Co, Mg, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, S, Se y Zn; (2) procesamiento de mineral de Cu porfirítico bajo condiciones alcalinas que es responsables por alta concentración de Mo (promedio de 2,55 mg/L) y muy bajos valores de otros contaminantes en colas recientes en el dique de decantación; (3) baja movilidad de As, Fe, Pb, Sb, Mo y Sn debido a la adsorción natural y la coprecipitación en la zona oxidante de las colas. El modelado de la especiación mostró que los complejos sulfatados (MSO4 +, M(SO4)(aq), M(SO4) −22 , y M(SO4) −2 ) y las especies metálicas libres (M+2 y M+3) son las formas dominantes de los cationes disueltos en aguas ácidas asociadas a las colas erosionadas. En las aguas alcalinas y altamente alcalinas, la especiación de los elementos traza fue controlada por varios hidroxo complejos tales como M(OH)+, M(OH) −3 , M3(OH) +24 , M2(OH) +3 , M(OH)2(ac), M(OH) −24 , Me(OH) +2 , Me(OH) −4 , Me(OH)2 +, Me(OH)3(ac) y Me(OH) −4 (donde M representa catión bivalente y Me representa catión trivalente). El patrón de especiación de As, Mo y Se está principalmente dominado por las formas oxoaniónicas. Los resultados obtenidos pueden ser usados como una base para la manipulación ambiental de las colas de minas de Cu porfirítico.

抽象

本文通过地球化学和水化学方法研究了Sarcheshmeh 铜矿矿尾的污染潜力。尾矿中微量元素的地球化学活性顺序如下:Cu > Cd > Co > Zn > Ni > Mn > S > Cr > Sn > As > Se > Fe = Bi > Sb = Pb = Mo。由于强烈蒸发作用,深层地下水在毛细管作用下向上运移,易迁移污染物(Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, Ni, S, 和 Cr)富集于尾矿堆浅部的、早期风化的蒸发层,易迁移污染物之间存在着明显关联性。与尾矿相关的污染潜力受控于以下因素:(1)污染物次生易蒸发溶解相的溶解;尤其当雨水降落至早期风化尾矿表面之后,会伴随低pH值和Al、 Cd、Co、Mg、Cr、Cu、 Mn、Ni、S、Se和 Zn高污染负荷;(2)碱性条件下的斑岩铜矿石处理;它是造成倾析池中新鲜尾矿的高浓度Mo (平均浓度2.55 mg/L)污染和低浓度其他污染物的原因;(3)As、Fe、Pb、Sb、Mo和Sn的低迁移活性;它们是尾矿氧化区自然吸附作用和共沉淀作用的结果。形态分析结果表明:硫酸盐络合离子(MSO4 +, M(SO4)(aq)、 M(SO4) −22 和M(SO4)2−)和自由金属离子(M+2 and M+3)是尾矿风化形成的酸性废水中的溶解阳离子的主要形态;在碱性和高碱性废水中,微量元素形态受由各种羟基络合离子控制,例如M(OH)+, M(OH) −3 , M3(OH) +24 , M2(OH) +3 , M(OH)2(aq), M(OH) −24 , Me(OH) +2 , Me(OH) ¯4 Me(OH)2 +, Me(OH)3(aq), 和 Me(OH) ¯4 (M代表二价阳离子和Me代表三价阳离子);As、Mo和Se元素主要以含氧阴离子为主。研究结果为斑岩铜矿尾矿环境管理提供了研究基础。

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Depatment of Geology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman-Pajohesh Square, 76135-133, Kerman, Iran

    Mehdi Khorasanipour

  2. Research and Development Division, Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex, Kerman, Iran

    Afsar Eslami

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  1. Mehdi Khorasanipour
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Correspondence to Mehdi Khorasanipour.

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Fig. S-1. (A) Central Iranian tectono-volcanic belt and location of the Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit (Modified after Shahabpour and Kramers 1987); (B) Geological map around the Sarcheshmeh tailings impoundment. (PDF 302 kb)

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Khorasanipour, M., Eslami, A. Hydrogeochemistry and Contamination of Trace Elements in Cu-Porphyry Mine Tailings: A Case Study from the Sarcheshmeh Mine, SE Iran. Mine Water Environ 33, 335–352 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-014-0272-x

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