Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Accessibility of American University Special Education Departments’ Web sites

  • Communication
  • Published:
Universal Access in the Information Society Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the last 20 years, the World Wide Web (Web) has gone from being the means of disseminating information for a few scientists to a universal means of disseminating information across the globe. While the Web provides an unprecedented level of access to information for many, if not properly designed, Web sites can actually create a number of barriers to information access to persons with disabilities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accessibility of home pages of University Departments of Special Education. A total of 51 Special Education departmental Web sites were located using a popular online search engine and evaluated for accessibility. Two Web site evaluation programs were used to determine whether the Web sites meet minimum accessibility guidelines, and one of them was used to quantify the number of accessibility errors on each site. The results indicated that most (97 %) of the pages evaluated had accessibility problems, many (39 %) of which were severe and should be given a high priority for correcting. The good news is the majority of errors can easily be corrected. The work reflects a need for Departments of Special Education to examine the accessibility of their home pages. Direction for improving accessibility is provided.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Adam, A., Kreps, D.: Disability and discourses of web accessibility. Inf. Commun. Soc. 12, 1041–1058 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Adaptive Technology Resource Centre: AChecker 1.0 [software]. Available: http://achecker.ca/checker/index.php (2010)

  3. Adobe Systems: Dreamweaver. Available: http://www.adobe.com/products/dreamweaver.html (2005)

  4. Atlanta Business Chronicle: Target, National Federation for Blind settle suit. [online]. Available: http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2008/08/25/daily47.html (2008)

  5. Bradbard, D.A., Peters, C., Caneva, Y.: Web accessibility policies at land-grant universities. Internet High. Educ. 13, 258–266 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Bray, M., Flowers, C., Gibson, P.: Accessibility of school districts’ web sites: a descriptive study. Information Technology in Childhood Education Annual 2003(1), 209–221. [Online]. Available: http://www.aace.org/DL/index.cfm/fuseaction/View/paperID/12651 (2003)

  7. Bray, M., Pugalee, D., Flowers, C.P., Algozzine, R.: Accessibility of middle schools’ web sites for students with disabilities. Clear. House J. Educ. Strateg. Issues Ideas 80(4), 169–176 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Brophy, P., Craven, J.: Web accessibility. Libr. Trends 55, 950–972 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Button, C., Wobschall, R.: The Americans with Disabilities Act and assistive technology. J. Vocat. Rehabil. 4, 196–201 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Center for Applied Special Technology: Bobby 4.0.1 [software]. Available: http://www.cast.org/bobby/ (2001)

  11. Chalfen, D.H., Farb, S.E.: Universal access and the ADA: a disability access design specification for the new UCLA library online information system. Libr. Hi Tech 14(1), 51–56 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Chisholm, W., Vanderheiden, G.: Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 [on-line]. Available: http://www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENT/ (1999)

  13. Corry, M.D., Frick, T.W., Hansen, L.: User-centered design and usability testing of a web site: an illustrative case study. Education Tech. Research Dev. 45(4), 65–72 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Council for Exceptional Children: Planning Accessible Conferences and Meeting: An ERIC/OSEP Information Brief For Conference Planners. Author, Reston, VA (1994)

  15. Curl, A.L., Bowers, D.D.: A longitudinal study of website accessibility: have social work education websites become more accessible? J. Technol. Hum. Serv. 27, 93–105 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Curran, K., Walters, N., Robinson, D.: Investigating the problems faced by older adults and people with disabilities in online environments. Behav. Inf. Technol. 26, 447–453 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Department of Justice: Information and Technical Assistance on the Americans with Disabilities Act. [online]. Available: http://www.ada.gov/ (2010)

  18. Erickson, W., Trerise, S., VanLooy, S., Lee, C., Bruyere, S.: Web accessibility policies and practices at American community colleges. Community Coll. J. Res. Pract. 33I, 405–416 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Fichten, C.S., Ferraro, V., Asuncion, J.V., Chwojka, C., Barile, M., Nguyen, M.N., Klomp, R., Wolforth, J.: Disabilities and e-learning problems and solutions: an exploratory study. Educ. Technol. Soc. 12, 241–256 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Flowers, C., Bray, M., Algozzine, R.F.: Content accessibility of community college web sites. Community Coll. J. Res. Pract. 25, 475–485 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Hackett, S., Parmano, B., Zeng, X.: A retrospective look at website accessibility over time. Behav. Inf. Technol. 24, 407–417 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Harper, K.A., DeWaters, J.: A quest for website accessibility in higher education institutions. Internet High. Educ. 11, 160–164 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Karreman, J., van der Geest, T., Buursink, E.: Accessible website content guidelines for users with intellectual disabilities. J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil. 20, 510–518 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. King, A.: WebbIE [software]. Available: http://www.webbie.org.uk/index.htm (2010)

  25. Lazar, J., Jaeger, P.: Reducing barriers to online access for people with disabilities. Issues Sci. Technol. 27, 68–82 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Loiacono, E.T., McCoy, S.: Web accessibility: a cross-sector comparison. Univ. Access Inf. Soc. 4, 393–399 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Mayerson, A.: The History of the ADA: A Movement Perspective [on-line]. Available: http://www.dredf.org/publications/ada_history.shtml (1992)

  28. Mendle, J.: Library services for persons with disabilities. Ref. Libr. 49(50), 105–121 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  29. National Council on Disability: The impact of the American with Disabilities Act: Assessing the progress toward achieving the goals of the ADA. Washington, DC [online]. Available: http://www.ncd.gov/newsroom/publications/2007/ada_impact_07-26-07.htm (2007)

  30. Osfield, K.: Americans with Disabilities Education Act (ADA): Self-evaluation for the University of Florida. University of Florida, Gainesville (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Sligar, S.R., Zeng, X.: Evaluation of website accessibility of state vocational rehabilitation agencies. J. Rehabil. 74, 12–18 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  32. U.S. Government Accountability Office: Higher Education and Disability: Education Needs a Coordinated Approach to Improve its Assistance to Schools in Supporting Students. [online]. Available: http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-33 (2009)

  33. WAI: Web Accessibility Initiative. Retrieved Jan 27, 2010 from http://www.w3.org/WAI (2010)

  34. W3C: WCAG2 at a Glance. [online]. Available: http://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/glance/ (2008)

  35. Weiss, R.: On the web, research work proves ephemeral. The Washington Post, p. A08 (2003)

  36. World Wide Web Consortium: Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI): HTML Author Guidelines–version 1.0 [On-line]. Available: http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/WD-WAI-HAG.html (1999)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ravic Ringlaben.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ringlaben, R., Bray, M. & Packard, A. Accessibility of American University Special Education Departments’ Web sites. Univ Access Inf Soc 13, 249–254 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-013-0302-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-013-0302-7

Keywords

Navigation